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Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian (EDH) BY PROF. DR. ALFRÉD TÓTH Mikes Inter

Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian (EDH) BY PROF. DR. ALFRÉD TÓTH Mikes International The Hague, Holland 2007 ALFRÉD TÓTH : ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF HUNGARIAN (EDH) ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007 - II - Kiadó 'Stichting MIKES INTERNATIONAL' alapítvány, Hága, Hollandia. Számlaszám: Postbank rek.nr. 7528240 Cégbejegyzés: Stichtingenregister: S 41158447 Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken Den Haag Terjesztés A könyv a következő Internet-címről tölthető le: http://www.federatio.org/mikes_bibl.html Aki az email-levelezési listánkon kíván szerepelni, a következő címen iratkozhat fel: mikes_int-subscribe@yahoogroups.com A kiadó nem rendelkezik anyagi forrásokkal. Többek áldozatos munkájából és adományaiból tartja fenn magát. Adományokat szívesen fogadunk. Cím A szerkesztőség, illetve a kiadó elérhető a következő címeken: Email: mikes_int@federatio.org Levelezési cím: P.O. Box 10249, 2501 HE, Den Haag, Hollandia _____________________________________ Publisher Foundation 'Stichting MIKES INTERNATIONAL', established in The Hague, Holland. Account: Postbank rek.nr. 7528240 Registered: Stichtingenregister: S 41158447 Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken Den Haag Distribution The book can be downloaded from the following Internet-address: http://www.federatio.org/mikes_bibl.html If you wish to subscribe to the email mailing list, you can do it by sending an email to the following address: mikes_int-subscribe@yahoogroups.com The publisher has no financial sources. It is supported by many in the form of voluntary work and gifts. We kindly appreciate your gifts. Address The Editors and the Publisher can be contacted at the following addresses: Email: mikes_int@federatio.org Postal address: P.O. Box 10249, 2501 HE, Den Haag, Holland _____________________________________ ISSN 1570-0070 ISBN-13: 978-90-8501-103-3 NUR 616 © Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007, All Rights Reserved ALFRÉD TÓTH : ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF HUNGARIAN (EDH) ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007 - III - PUBLISHER’S PREFACE Mikes International is pleased to publish this Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian electronically written by Professor Alfréd Tóth, thus making it available to everyone in the world. This is the first edition of the author’s life-work, on which he worked 17 years. The Hague (Holland), January 22, 2007 MIKES INTERNATIONAL ALFRÉD TÓTH : ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF HUNGARIAN (EDH) ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007 - IV - CONTENTS Publisher’s preface .................................................................................................................. III 1. Foreword.........................................................................................................................1 2. Introduction into Sumerian-Hungarian research..........................................................4 3. Is there a Finno-Ugric or Uralic language family?......................................................14 4. Comparing Hungarian etymologies from standard etymological dictionaries ..........35 5. Sumerian and Hungarian............................................................................................40 6. Hungarian and the other Finno-Ugric languages.....................................................157 7. Caucasian and Hungarian.........................................................................................223 8. Bantu and Hungarian................................................................................................238 9. Etruscan and Hungarian ...........................................................................................254 10. Tibeto-Burman and Hungarian ..............................................................................296 11. Munda languages and Hungarian ..........................................................................336 12. Dravidian languages and Hungarian .....................................................................390 13. Chinese and Hungarian...........................................................................................473 14. Japanese and Hungarian .........................................................................................567 15. Turkish and Hungarian..........................................................................................602 16. Austronesian and Hungarian..................................................................................688 17. Mayan languages and Hungarian...........................................................................713 18. Conclusions...............................................................................................................745 19. Index of the Hungarian and other words................................................................748 20. Index of the Sumerian words ...................................................................................773 About the author......................................................................................................................788 ALFRÉD TÓTH : ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF HUNGARIAN (EDH) 1. Foreword ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007 - 1 - 1. Foreword This “Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian” – for which I propose the abbreviation “EDH” – is based on the assumption that the Hungarian (Magyar) language is the direct successor of Sumerian. With this assumption – for which the present author is convinced that there is enough evidence (cf. Chapters 2 and 3) -, EDH strongly competes with and contradicts the traditional Hungarian etymological dictionaries, that are based on the assumption that Hungarian belongs to the Finno-Ugric (FU) languages: ● Budenz, József Magyar-ugor összehasonlító szótár Budapest 1873-1881 New impression with an introduction by Gyula Décsy under the title: A Comparative Dictionary of the Finno-Ugric Elements in the Hungarian Vocabulary Bloomington, IN 1966 ● Szarvas, Gábor Magyar nyelvtörténeti szótár a legrégibb nyelvemlékről a nyelvújításig (3 vols.) Budapest 1890-1893 ● Gombocz, Zoltán/Melich, János Magyar etymológiai szótár (incomplete) Budapest 1914-1930. ● Bárczi, Géza Magyar szófejtő szótár Budapest 1941 New impression Budapest 1994 ● Benkő, Loránd et al. A magyar nyelv történeti-etimológiai szótára (4 vols.) Budapest 1967-1984 ● Lakó, György et al. A magyar szókészlet finnugor elemei etimológiai szótára (3 vols.) Budapest 1968-1978 ● Benkó, Loránd et al. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Ungarischen (3 vols.) Budapest 1993-1997 Obviously, each 10 or 20 years, there was a need for a new (and expensive) multi-volumes etymological dictionary of Hungarian, that is very singular, since it happened in no other known language. ALFRÉD TÓTH : ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF HUNGARIAN (EDH) 1. Foreword ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007 - 2 - Furthermore, if one compares the “crucial words” – alleged borrowings from Slavonic or Turkic and words of “unknown” or “doubtful origin” -, one will find, as a rule, in each of the fore-mentioned dictionaries quite different etymologies (cf. Chapter 4). All these dictionaries are ordered alphabetically according to the Hungarian lemma and none of these books are written in English. EDH, however, differs in two ways from the already published etymological dictionaries of Hungarian: Firstly, it is written in English that is more widespread than Hungarian or German. Secondly, EDH is also ordered alphabetically according to the Hungarian lemma, but separately for each language or language family: Sumerian and Hungarian (Chapter 5), Hungarian and the other Finno-Ugric languages (Chapter 6), Caucasian and Hungarian (Chapter 7), Bantu and Hungarian (Chapter 8), Etruscan and Hungarian (Chapter 9), Tibeto-Burman and Hungarian (Chapter 10), Munda languages (Chapter 11), Dravidian languages and Hungarian (Chapter 12), Chinese and Hungarian (Chapter 13), Japanese and Hungarian (Chapter 14), Turkish and Hungarian (Chapter 15), Austronesian and Hungarian (16), Mayan Languages and Hungarian (Chapter 17). A chapter about conclusions (Chapter 18) and two indices (Chapters 19 and 20) conclude EDH. The fundament of all comparisons between Hungarian and Sumerian is the complete list, given in Chapter 5, from Colman-Gabriel Gostony’s “Dictionnarie d’étymologie sumérienne” (Paris 1975), a milestone for Sumerian-Hungarian research. This means: We do not take as a basis a regular Hungarian dictionary and compare all or some of its words with the words in a dictionary of another language, disregarding sound-laws and operating on kling-klang-etymologies. We set as only fact the hypothesis, that the 1042 etymologies in Gostony (1975) are correct, since they have never been disproved. In other words: We reduce the many then-thousands of Hungarian words of the following three best dictionaries: ● Czuczor, Gergely/Fogarasi, János A magyar nyelv szótára (6 vols) Pest 1862-1874 Available on CD Rom from Arcanum Adabázis Kft., Budapest (arcadat@axelero.hu) ● Ballagi, Mór A magyar nyelv teljes szótára (2 vols. in 1) Budapest 1873 New impression Budapest 1998 ● Halász, Előd/Földes, Csaba/Uzony, Pál Magyar-német nagyszótár – Ungarisch-deutsches Grosswörterbuch Budapest 1998 to a relative small common Sumerian-Hungarian basis of 1042 entries and compare this list with the already mentioned languages: A word from another languages enters the list only, if it corresponds with one of the 1042 words and no other Hungarian word than one of these 1042 will be compared to another language, even if they are plenty of examples to be found in the extremely rich Sumerian- Hungarian literature (cf. Chapter 2). The only exception is Etruscan (cf. Chapter 9), being a corpus-language with an extremely restricted vocabulary. Of course, comparing three instead of two ALFRÉD TÓTH : ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF HUNGARIAN (EDH) 1. Foreword ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007 - 3 - languages also reduces massively the chance of mistaken etymologies. For the sound rules I refer to Gostony (1975) concerning the Sumerian-Hungarian part and to the dictionaries of the other languages, from which we have taken our data, for the other parts, but I do not repeat the sound-rules here - neither do the FU dictionaries. Yet, almost all of the works used in EDH can be found in a big university library in America and in Europa or borrowed via interloan. All the maps that are used in this book are copyrighted by Wikipedia. The author hopes that EDH will be able to establish itself as a reference work for all the peoples who have always adhered to the Sumerian-Hungarian theory or do not believe anymore in FU and Uralic linguistics. If EDH will cause some adherents of FU/Uralic linguistics to convert to Sumerian- Hungarian linguistics, then it has reached more than its author ever could hope. Finally, I give EDH two sad, but true quotations by two of the greatest Sumerian-Hungarian researchers on its way: Spread the word and be not surprised if you are assailed, perhaps even by people who call themselves Hungarians. (Ida Bobula, Budapest 1900 – Gaffney, SC, USA, 1981) Mert nem az az igaz, ami igaz, hanem amit a világ igaznak – tart. (Because not that is true, what is true, but what the world – holds for true.) (Viktor Padány, Vatta (Borsod) 1906 – Melbourne, Australia 1963) Tucson, AZ, USA, 29.10.2006 Alfréd Tóth ALFRÉD TÓTH : ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF HUNGARIAN (EDH) 2. Introduction into Sumarian-Hungarian research ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007 - 4 - 2. Introduction into Sumerian-Hungarian research 1. Preliminary remarks Sumerian-Hungarian research has at least four drawbacks: First, there is – unlike in Finno-Ugristics and Uralistics - no complete bibliography of Sumerian-Hungarian studies, although the literature is enormous. Second, because during the communist era Sumerian-Hungarian research was uploads/Geographie/ etymological-dictionary-of-hungarian.pdf