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Secret UNIVERSITÉ CHEIKH ANTA DIOP DE DAKAR 1/3 08 G 12 B 01 Durée : 2 he

Secret UNIVERSITÉ CHEIKH ANTA DIOP DE DAKAR 1/3 08 G 12 B 01 Durée : 2 heures OFFICE DU BACCALAUREAT Séries: L1b-L2-LA – Coef. 2 Téléfax (221) 824 65 81 – Tél. : 824 95 92 – 824 65 81 Série : L’1 – Coef. 4 LANGUE VIVANTE II Epreuve du 2ème groupe A N G L A I S Street vendors are a visible part of the Latin American urban landscape. Informal trade is a well established tradition that dates back to the 16th century. In the decade there has been a dramatic increase in the numbers of street and market vendors, as new formal jobs have not matched the growth in population and rural-urban migration as well as interregional migration. 5 As a result of the political and cultural diversity, the many thousands of street vendor neighborhoods and market associations and organizations in Latin American cities face very different situations in terms of regulation and the local and national Government support they receive. In many Latin American countries, like their counterparts in Asia and Africa, informal traders face daily harassment in the process of trying to earn an honest living. 10 There is general consensus however, that street commerce is an important and vibrant part of the region’s economy. It is estimated that in Latin America nearly half the workers are engaged in informal economy activity. Researcher Sally Roever (2006) writes, “Street commerce represents one of the most visible and dynamic segments of the informal economy activity. Rapid rural to urban migration from the 1940s to the 1970s, economic crisis 15 in the 1980s and neo-liberal reform in the 1990s combined to create a surplus of unemployed workers in cities. In the absence of formal wage employment, many workers have turned to the informal economy as a way to generate income”. For the urban poor, street vending is an occupation that needs small amounts of capital and no or little built infrastructure. As a result, street vendors often work in precarious 20 and insecure situations as their workplaces are urban public spaces, pavements, streets and markets. The International Labor Organization’s statistical research on the informal economy and street vending shows that in most countries women account for a significant proportion of street and market traders, often working in the formal food sector, preparing, selling or 25 serving food, as the main breadwinners. Adapted from www.streetnet,org.za …/… 2 A N G L A I S 2/3 08 G 12 B 01 Série : L LANGUE VIVANTE II Epreuve du 2ème groupe I. READING COMPREHENSION (08 points) A) Vocabulary in context (02 points) Find in the text words similar in meaning to the following ones 1. Considerable………………………………………………………. (paragraph 1) 2. Persecution………………………………………………………… (paragraph 2) 3. Agreement…………………………………………………………. (paragraph 3) 4. Represent…………………………………………………………... (paragraph 5) B) Looking for information (01.5 point) List three factors that contributed to developing unemployment in Latin American cities 5. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7. ………………………………………………………………………………………………... C) True of False : Circle True or False and justify each answer with a relevant quotation from the text. (01.5 point) 8. Street vending is a recent phenomenon in Latin America. T/F ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9. Informal traders are not well treated in Latin America. T/F ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10. It is not difficult to become a street vendor. T/F ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… D) Fill in each gap with one word from the text. (02 points) In all Third World countries street vendors are exposed to constant insecurity and are victims of frequent………………………and other forms of violence as they struggle to 11 ……………….. their living. 12 It is generally agreed that street trade contributes a lot to the Latin American…………… It 13 is widespread in urban areas because it does not need a heavy …………………… nor a 14 big capital investment. E) (01 point) What do the following groups of words refer to in the text ? 15. They (line 8) …………………………………………………………………………………. 16. Their counterparts (line9)…………………………………………………………………… …/… 3 A N G L A I S 3/3 08 G 12 B 01 Série : L LANGUE VIVANTE II Epreuve du 2ème groupe II. LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE (06 points) A) Fill in the blanks with words derived from those in brackets (01,5 point) 17 Street vendors are often …………………………………. (brutal) harassed as they want to earn their living. 18. Poverty ………………………………………. (strong) solidarity between people. 19. Giving jobs to young people could ………………….. (reduction) illegal emigration. B) Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tenses (01,5 point) 20. Street vending …………………………………… (grow) considerably in Senegal over the past 5 years. 21. Poverty …………………………… (spread) now with the high inflation rate. 22. Today the youths ………………………………. (give) few opportunities to show their talents. C) Complete the following sentences meaningfully. Do not repeat the text (03 points) 23. Street vending is considered to be a major urban problem. However, …………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24. To stop rural to urban migration, African governments …………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 25. If street vending is prohibited in Third World Cities, ………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… III. ESSAY (06 points) Choose one topic and write an essay of about 150 words Topic 1 : Street vending is a real concern in African cities. Some people think the authorities should stop this phenomenon. Do you share their opinion ? Topic 2 : After the street vendor’s violent demonstrations in November 2007 as a reaction against a governmental measure to clear the streets of Dakar, you interviewed one of them. Write your conversation. A N G L A I S 1/1 08 G 12 B 01 Série : L LANGUE VIVANTE II Epreuve du 2ème groupe A N S W E R K E Y I. READING COMPREHENSION (08 points) A. Vocabulary in context (02 points) 1. dramatic 2. harassment 3. consensus 4. account for B) Looking for information (01.5 point) 5. Rapid rural to urban migration from the 1940s to the 1970s 6. economic crisis in the 1980s 7. neo-liberal reform in the 1990s C) True or False (01.5 point = 0,5 par réponse juste) 8. False : “informal trade is a well-established tradition… to the 16th century” 9. True : In many Latin American countries, informal traders face daily harassment 10. True :”Street vending is an occupation that needs small amounts of capital and no or little infrastructure.” D) (02 points) 11. Harassment – 12. earn – 13. economy – 14. infrastructure E) Referencing : (01 point = 0.5 par réponse juste) 15. informal traders 16. the many thousands of street vendor neighborhoods and market associations and organizations in Latin American cities II. LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE (06 points) A) (01,5 point = 0,5 par réponse correcte) 17. brutally 18. strengthen 19. reduce B) (01,5 = 0,5 par réponse correcte) 20. has grown 21. is spreading 22. are given has been growing C) (03 points = 01 par réponse correcte) 23.- 24.-25. : Answers should be meaningful without repeating the text. III. WRITING (06 points) uploads/Geographie/ anglais-lv2.pdf