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INSTITUTE FOR AGRICULTURE AND TRADE POLICY  FOOD AND HEALTH PROGRAM 2105 FIRST

INSTITUTE FOR AGRICULTURE AND TRADE POLICY  FOOD AND HEALTH PROGRAM 2105 FIRST AVENUE SOUTH  MINNEAPOLIS MINNESOTA 55404 USA  (612) 870-0453  IATP .ORG Plastics are widely used to store and package Plastics are widely used to store and package foods and beverages. Uses include disposable foods and beverages. Uses include disposable and reusable containers, plastic wraps, cut- and reusable containers, plastic wraps, cut- lery, water bottles and baby bottles. Plastic is lery, water bottles and baby bottles. Plastic is convenient, lightweight, unbreakable and relatively inexpensive. However, there are both environmental and health risks from the widespread use of plastics. Environmental problems: Most plastics are made from petroleum, a non-renewable and made from petroleum, a non-renewable and mostly imported resource. Plastic packaging also creates unnecessary waste. Although plastic is lightweight, it is bulky, so it takes up a large volume of landﬁ ll space. Health risks: Use of plastics in cooking and food storage can carry health risks, especially when hormone-disrupting chemicals from some plastics leach into foods and bever- ages. Plastic manufacturing and incineration creates air and water pollution and exposes workers to toxic chemicals. What plastic labels mean Not all containers are labeled and a recycling symbol on a product doesn’t mean it’s recyclable. Commonly, only #1 and #2 with narrow necks are recyclable, but some com- munities recycle other plastics with narrow necks. Check with your local municipality or waste disposal company. PETE: Polyethylene terephthalate ethylene, used for soft drink, juice, water, detergent, cleaner and peanut butter containers. HDPE: High density polyethylene, used in opaque plastic milk and water jugs, bleach, detergent and shampoo bottles and some plastic bags. PVC or V: Polyvinyl chloride, used for cling wrap, some plastic squeeze bottles, cooking oil and peanut butter jars, detergent and window cleaner bottles. LDPE: Low density polyethylene, used in gro- cery store bags, most plastic wraps and some bottles. PP: Polypropylene, used in most Rubbermaid, deli soup, syrup and yogurt containers, straws and other clouded plastic containers, including baby bottles. PS: Polystyrene, used in Styrofoam food trays, egg cartons, disposable cups and bowls, carry- out containers and opaque plastic cutlery. Other: Usually polycarbonate, used in most plastic baby bottles, 5-gallon water bottles, “sport” water bottles, metal food can liners, clear plastic “sippy” cups and some clear plastic cutlery. New bio-based plastics may also be labeled #7. Smart Plastics Guide Healthier Food Uses of Plastics For Parents and Children Choose less polluting products to reduce exposure to chemcials from plastics. PVC: The toxic plastic Polyvinyl chloride, also known as vinyl or PVC, poses risks to both the environment and human health. PVC is also the least recyclable plastic.  Vinyl chloride workers face elevated risk of liver cancer.1  Vinyl chloride manufacturing creates air and water pollution near the factories, often located in low-income neighborhoods.  PVC needs additives and stabilizers to make it useable. For example, lead is often added for strength, while plasticizers are added for ﬂ exibility. These toxic additives contribute to further pollution and human exposure.  Dioxin in air emissions from PVC manufacturing and disposal or from incineration of PVC products settles on grasslands and accumulates in meat and dairy products and ultimately in human tissue. Dioxin is a known carcinogen. Low-level exposures are associated with decreased birth weight, learning and behavioral problems in children, suppressed immune function and disruption of hormones in the body. 2 Health concerns with food use of plastics A myriad of petroleum-based chemicals go into the manu- facture of plastics. Some can leach into food and drinks and possibly impact human health. Leaching increases when plastic comes in contact with oily or fatty foods, during heating and from old or scratched plastic. Types of plastics shown to leach toxic chemicals are polycarbonate, PVC and styrene. This does not imply that other plastics are entirely safe. These plastics have just been studied more. Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical that mimics the action of the human hormone estrogen, can leach from polycarbonate plastic.3 Human exposure to BPA is widespread. A Centers for Disease Control study de- tected BPA in the urine of 95 percent of adults sampled.4 Scientists have measured BPA in the blood of pregnant women, in umbilical cord blood and in the placenta, all at levels demonstrated in animals to alter development.5,6 Hormones stimulate certain cancers. Bisphenol A has been found to stimulate prostate cancer cells7 and causes breast tissue changes in mice that resemble early stages of breast cancer in both mice and humans.8,9 One study found an association between ovarian dysfunction and higher levels of BPA in urine.10 Early-life exposure to BPA can also cause genetic damage. Researchers found that BPA causes chromosomal errors at low levels of exposure in mice, which can lead to spontane- ous miscarriages and birth defects.11 As for human data, one study found that women with a history of recurrent miscar- riages had over threefold higher levels of BPA in their blood compared to women without a miscarriage history.12 Of 115 published animal studies, 81 percent found sig- niﬁ cant effects from even low-level exposure to BPA. While none of the 11 industry-funded studies found sig- niﬁ cant effects, over 90 percent of government-funded studies did so. Adverse effects include:13 • Early onset of puberty, and stimulation of mammary gland development in females • Changes in gender-speciﬁ c behavior • Changes in hormones, including decreased testosterone • Increased prostate size • Decreased sperm production • Altered immune function • Behavioral effects including hyperactivity, increased aggressiveness, impaired learning and other changes in behavior DEHA (di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate) is one of several plasticizers (softeners) to which people have daily exposure through food, water, air and consumer products. PVC cling wrap contains DEHA, which can leach into oily foods on contact and when heated. DEHA exposure is linked to negative effects on the liver, kidney, spleen, bone formation and body weight. It is also a possible hu- man carcinogen, affecting the liver.14 Styrene can leach from polystyrene plastic. Styrene is toxic to the brain and nervous system, among workers with longer-term exposures,15,16 but also has been found to adversely affect red blood cells, liver, kid- neys and stomach in animal studies.17 Aside from exposure from food containers, children can be exposed to styrene from secondhand cigarette smoke, off-gassing of building materials, auto exhaust fumes and drinking water. Tips for safer, more sustainable food use of plastics 1. Avoid using plastic containers in the microwave. Since chemicals are released from plastic when heated, it’s safest not to microwave food and drinks in plastic containers. Instead use glass or ceramic containers free of metallic paint. If you do microwave in plastic, use only plastic labeled “microwave safe.” Note that “microwave safe” does not mean that there is no leaching of chemi- cals. Avoid using for fatty foods, as there is greater leach- ing of chemicals into fatty foods. 2. Beware of cling wraps especially for microwave use. Instead use waxed paper or paper towel for covering foods. If you do use plastic, don’t let the plastic touch the food. For plastic-wrapped deli foods, slice off a thin layer where the food came in contact with the plastic and re- wrap in non-PVC plastic wrap or place in a container. 3. Use alternatives to plastic packaging whenever possible. Use reﬁ llable containers at your local food co- operative. Bring you own take-home containers to res- taurants. Bring reusable bags or cardboard boxes to the grocery store. Fetuses and young children at greatest risk Y oung children’s immature immune systems, rapid development and different eating patterns make them more vulnerable to toxic exposures. Long term exposures to these chemicals or a few large exposures at a critical time in development could adversely impact children’s health. Safer choices for foods and beverages 4. Avoid plastic bottled water unless you’re traveling or live in an area where the quality of water is questionable. Bottled water, because it is less regulated, has less-cer- tain purity and safety than tap water, and is much more expensive. If you’re worried about tap water quality, con- sider installing a home water ﬁ lter or use an inexpensive ﬁ lter pitcher. Reduce or eliminate use of plastic bottles to avoid landﬁ ll waste and exposure to chemicals that leach from the plastic. You can also look for new biodegradable bio-based plastic water bottles. 5. If you do use plastic water bottles, take precautions. If you use a polycarbonate water bottle, to reduce leaching of BPA, do not use for warm or hot liquids and discard old or scratched bottles. Water bottles from #1 or #2 plastics are rec- ommended for single use only. For all types of plastic, you can reduce bacterial contamination by thoroughly washing daily. However, avoid using harsh detergents that can break down the plastic and increase chemical leaching. Baby bottles Use alternatives to poly- carbonate plastic baby bottles and “sippy” cups. Knowing what we do about BPA leaching and the real risks to children’s health, you might be sur- prised to uploads/Geographie/ plastics-guide.pdf