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Efficient public lighting guide In support of Municipal Energy Efficiency and D

Efficient public lighting guide In support of Municipal Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management This document was developed by SEA, with funding from REEEP, in partnership with CESU, DoE and SALGA. Cape Town 2012 1 Overview Introduction A range of more energy efficient lighting technologies are coming into the market. Programmes, such as the DOE’s Municipal EEDSM and Eskom’s IDM Programme, to support the retrofit existing public lighting with more energy efficient alternatives are underway. In addition to power and electricity saving, retrofit programmes usually also result in cost savings (both operational and demand charge reductions) and reduced negative environmental impacts. This brochure offers a very introductory overview of a range of public lighting options. It offers an overview of different lighting technologies; looks at traffic, street and public building lighting and provides some comparison of technologies, capital and operating costs, and electricity savings. The information is designed to support Municipal EEDSM strategy and business planning processes. Lighting is a complex issue, however, and local municipal officials are best equipped to make final decisions about what type of lighting best suits local needs and conditions. It is also a rapidly evolving space and, while this brochure can provide some initial direction, it is important that greater detail is obtained from independent research studies, suppliers and professional colleagues during the business planning phase of any retrofit initiative. It should also be noted that while the focus of this brochure is on luminaires, there are a range of lighting related technologies, relating to reflectors, ballasts and power switch technology that are also available and can significantly improve the energy efficiency of street and building lighting. Contents 1. Lighting Technologies: an overview. ................................................................................................................2 2. Traffic lighting efficiency....................................................................................................................................4 3. Street lighting efficiency.....................................................................................................................................6 4. SANS 10098-1 Lighting values for all road types: a quick reference. .......................................................9 5. Building lighting efficiency..............................................................................................................................11 Efficient Public Lighting Guide 2 Lighting technology overview OVERVIEW, PROS AND CONS Incandescent Introduced more than 125 years ago, these lamps produce light by heating up a metal filament enclosed within the lamp’s glass. More than 90% of the energy used by an incandescent light bulb escapes as heat, with less than 10% producing light. Possible use in areas prone to frequent theft or vandalism, where high rate of replacement may make a case for use. PROS: Lowest initial cost (purchase price). Good colour rendering. No mercury. CONS: Very inefficient, short life time. Mercury Vapour Developed in the late 1940s, these are much brighter than incandescent, and last much longer. However, it is worth noting that sale of new MV fittings (ballast and bulb) has been banned in the US since 2008 (bulbs to replace old lamps in existing fittings do continue). PROS: Inexpensive, medium length life. CONS: Very inefficient, contains mercury (10 – 100mg), ultraviolet radiation. Depreciate – get dimmer over time while using same amount of energy. Metal Halide MH are similar to MV lamps, but with the addition of metal halides. The lamps operate at high temperatures and pressures, emit UV light and need special fixtures to minimize risk of injury or accidental fire in event of so called ‘non passive’ failure. Newer and less efficient than sodium counterparts. PROS: good colour rendering and lumen maintenance, consider for visually demanding applications such as city centres, shopping areas, pedestrian walk ways CONS: high cost, low life hours and rapid depreciation, high maintenance, UV radiation, contains mercury (10 – 1000mg) and lead, risk of bursting at the end of life High pressure sodium Introduced around 1970, and one of more popular street lighting options. Internal arc tube of translucent ceramic enclosed in an outer glass envelope. Arc tube contains mercury, metallic sodium and Xenon gas or neon-argon gas. Ionised by electric current. PROS: medium length life, good lumen maintenance, more energy efficient than MV and MH counterparts CONS: low colour rendering with yellow light, contains mercury (10-50mg) and lead * Although officially longish life, experience of some municipalities is that the larger HPS lamps – 250W – may last only 8-9months. Compact fluorescent Used more frequently as time has improved the quality. Phosphor coated glass tube with mercury and inert gas. Ionising by electric current. UV light converted to visible by phosphor coating. PROS: Efficiency high and colour rendering is excellent. CONS: Some issues include: limited lumen output, high heat build up in self contained ballast, low life/burnout due to frequent cycling (on/off) of lamp, become dimmer/fail to start in cold weather and/or moist environments. Contains mercury (3-50mg). Expensive. Induction Induction based fixtures are relatively new to the market. These use radio frequency or microwaves to create induced electrical fields, which in turn excite gases to produce light. Have rapid start up, work at peak, with minimal warm up. Although efficient and long life cycle, high initial costs and competition from LED evolution have led to limited adoption. PROS: Rapid start up, long life, energy efficient, good colour rendering, CONS: Higher initial cost. Contains mercury (0.25-3mg, solid state thus safer) and may contain lead. Negatively affected by heat. LED Rapidly evolving and latest high performance LED technologies are exceeding other technologies in all technical parameters. PROS: High energy efficiency and low maintenance/long life. Free of harmful substances. Low light pollution due to high directional light. Low rates of lumen depreciation and can handle cold temperatures and on/off switching. CONS: Relatively higher initial cost. Some poor manufacture/low quality on market. (Information sources: Independent agencies: Energy Star; Lighting Wizards; Suppliers/manufactures: Lumino; Grah lighting, SA Induction Lighting) 3 Overview COLOUR OF LIGHT LIFE TIME (HOURS) LUMENS/ WATT CRI White 1000-5000 11-20 40 Bluish-white 12000-24000 13-48 15-55 White 10000-20000 60-100 70-105 Golden yellow 12000-24000 45-130 25 Soft white 12000-20000 50-80 85 White 60000-70000 70-90 80 White 50000-70000 70-150 85-100 Colour Rendering Index (CRI) is a com parison of a light source’s ability to accurately render the colour of an object. The CRI scale is from 0 to 100, with a value of 100 indicating excellent colour rendering. Only compare col our rendering with lamps of roughly equiva lent colour temperatures. Efficacy (or energy efficiency) is a measure of light output (lumens) per watt of electrical power needed by the lamp. Lumens measure how much light is emitted. Watts indicate how much electrical power is consumed. What is a ballast? The ballast is a device that serves to control the flow of power to a fluorescent lamp. These devices also draw on power so that the whole system power consumption of any lamp is higher than simply the lamp wattage. Electronic ballasts are being used to replace magnetic ballasts of the past. These improve the efficiencies of HPS and fluorescent technologies. Induction and LED technologies do not use ballast technology and draw even less system power than in the case of electronic control gear (ECG) ballasts. Efficient Public Lighting Guide 4 Traffic lighting efficiency LED lighting has become the standard efficient retrofit technology. Where incandescent and halogen light bulbs require replacement every four months, LED traffic light fittings last 5 – 8 years, substantially reducing mainte nance costs. Operating costs are also massively reduced due to the same level of lumination available with LED lighting, at a much lower wattage. The LED technology is easy to retrofit as it fits the existing aspects. COST AND ENERGY COMPARISON 75W Incandescent 55W Halogen LED 8-10W Purchase price for a single traffic signal bulb (R) 14 8 400 Electricity usage (W) 75 55 10 Lumens (lm) 1100 1500 1300 Lumens/watt 15 27 130-160 Lifespan (hours) for single bulb @ 8hours/day 960 960 14400 Bulb cost over 10 years @ 8 hours/day 420 240 800 Energy consumption over 10 years for single bulb (KWh) 2160 1584 288 Energy cost over 10 years @ ave electricity rate of R0.81/KWh (at est 10% increase p.a) (Rands) 1749.6 1283.04 233.28 TOTAL Cost over 10 years for single bulb 2169.6 1523.04 1033.28 TOTAL Cost over 10 years for single aspect (3 lights) 6508.8 4569.12 3099.84 Cost saving with LED retrofit of Incandescent traffic signal (single aspect, 3 lamps) over 10 years R 3 408.96 Energy consumption over 10 years for single bulb 2160 1584 288 Energy consumption over 10 years for single aspect (3 lights) 6480 4752 864 Energy saving with LED retrofit of Incandescent traffic signal (single aspect, 3 lamps) over 10 years (KWh) 5616 KWh Carbon emissions reduction (t CO2e) 5.8 t CO2e Method notes: life span of incandescent and halogen bulbs based on 4 months; LED based on a conservative estimate of 5 years; 1. Average electricity cost of R0.81 is worked off a base line average cost of R0.52/KWh, and based on a 10% increase per annum; 2. The savings calculation is for operational costs alone, and would be greater for LEDs if it also included savings in maintenance costs and load reduction charges. 5 Traffic lighting Real experience from South African municipal implementation Since 2009, the Department of Energy has managed a Municipal EEDSM Programme, with funds from a National Treasury (DORA) allocation. The following detail some of the technology choices and uploads/Geographie/ public-lighting-guide.pdf