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SUJET N° 11 DATE : 4 novembre 2011 APRES-MIDI DSCG 2011 – UE6 Épreuve orale d'é

SUJET N° 11 DATE : 4 novembre 2011 APRES-MIDI DSCG 2011 – UE6 Épreuve orale d'économie se déroulant partiellement en anglais 1/2 1120006 SESSION 2011 UE6 – ÉPREUVE ORALE D'ÉCONOMIE SE DÉROULANT PARTIELLEMENT EN ANGLAIS Document autorisé : aucun sauf ceux qui sont fournis avec le sujet. Préparation de l'épreuve : 2 heures. Durée de l'épreuve : 1 heure maximum (exposé : 20 minutes maximum ; entretien en français : 20 minutes maximum ; entretien en anglais : 20 minutes maximum). Coefficient : 1 SUJET Comment accroître l’attractivité des territoires ? Annexe : THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CLUSTER CONCEPT – PRESENT EXPERIENCES AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS Prepared for NRW conference on clusters, Duisburg, Germany, 4 Dec 2003 Dr Christian Ketels, Harvard Busiess School. DSCG SUJET N° 11 DATE : 4 novembre 2011 APRES-MIDI DSCG 2011 – UE6 Épreuve orale d'économie se déroulant partiellement en anglais 2/2 DOCUMENT Clusters and economic performance Clusters develop and are important because they create economic benefits. The benefits of a cluster come in three dimensions. First, companies can operate with a higher level of efficiency, drawing on more specialized assets and suppliers with shorter reaction times than they could in isolation. Second, companies and research 5 institutions can achieve higher levels of innovation. Knowledge spillovers and the close interaction with customers and other companies create more new ideas and provide intense pressure to innovate while the cluster environment lowers the cost of experimenting. Third, the level of business formation tends to be higher in clusters. Start-ups are more reliant on external suppliers and partners, all of which they find in a cluster. Clusters also reduce the cost of failure, as entrepreneurs can fall back on local employment opportunities in the many 10 other companies in the same field. These benefits are important both for cluster participants and for public policy. For companies, they create additional value that ouweighs the often-higher costs of more intense competition for specialized real estate, skills, and customers at the location. They are thus the reasons that clusters emerge naturally from profit- maximizing decisions. For public policy, higher productivity and innovation in clusters are critical because they 15 are the factors that in the long term define the sustainable level of prosperity in a region. Note, however, that the interests of these groups are not identical. Public policy is not concerned about the distribution of the cluster benefits among companies, employees, and owners of critical assets such as real estate, while company owners clearly are. The performance of a cluster at a specific location is driven by the business environment that the cluster is 20 operating in. “Business environment” is a broad and naturally vague term : almoste everything – from the quality of the schools to the strategies of local competitors – matters for the level of productivity and innovation that companies in the cluster reach at this specific location. To organize this complexity, Michael Porter has in 1990 introduced the so-called “diamond” as an analytical tool to assess business environments. The diamond indludes the four elements factor conditions (e.g., physical 25 infrastructure, skills, etc…), demand conditions (e.g., sophistication of local customers, product and consumer regulation), the context for strategy and rivalry (e.g. taxation structure, competition laws, and the strategies of competing local companies), and the presence of related and supporting industries (e.g., the breadth and depth of the cluster); These elements interact in their impact on specific companies and clusters ; they exhibit system- effects where the weakest element often tends to have the strongest impact on the overall quality. 30 The diamond can be used to analyze the general quality of the business environment at the national or regional level. But it can also be applied at the regional cluster level, looking at the specific conditions relevant for the cluster in the four categories defined. Note that the impact of different aspects for the business environment depend on the position that the cluster aims to take in the field. uploads/Industriel/ ue6-epreuve-orale-d-x27-economie-se-deroulant-partiellement-en-anglais 2 .pdf