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Introduction Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is a perennial crop that can

Introduction Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is a perennial crop that can remain commercially productive for 10-15 years. The plant is composed of ferns, a crown, and the root system. Growing conditions that favor healthy fern develop and the accumulation of carbohydrates (food reserves) in the crown and root system enhance size and vigor of buds and subsequent spears. Asparagus has separate male and female plants. Female plants produce seed and larger-diameter spears, but have lower yields. Male plants have higher yields, longer productive life, and produce spears earlier. Male plants, however, do not produce seeds. Uses and Nutritional Value Young, tender shoots or spears are eaten half-cooked alone or mixed with other vegetables. The spears are also processed by quick freezing or by canning in brine. Green asparagus spears contain the following nutrients per 100 g fresh weight: Nutrient Amount Water 92.0 g Protein 2.8 g Fat 0.2 g Carbohydrates 2.2 g Vitamin A 980.0 IU Vitamin B1 0.23 mg Vitamin B2 0.15 mg Niacin 2.2mg C 48.0 mg Ca 24.0 mg Fe 1.5 mg P 52.0 mg Energy Value 113.0 kJ Production Management Varieties Mary Washington (OP), UC 157 (F1 Hybrid), Jersey Giant (F1 Hybrid), Jersey King (F1 Hybrid) Climatic and Soil Requirements Asparagus is grown well with high light intensity, warm days, cool nights, low relative, and adequate soil moisture. It grows best in sandy loam soil good drainage and aeration, water table below 4 ft and a pH of 6.8-7.5. Seedling Production Asparagus is grown from seeds and crowns. A 1-ha production area requires 1.3 kg seeds or 18,000-20,000 seedlings; A 200-300 m2 nursery area produces enough transplants for one hectare. Line sow pre- soaked seeds in 1 m wide seedbeds prepared from a mixture of equal parts animal manure, rice hull charcoal and garden soil. The lines should be 7- 10 cm apart. Water before and after sowing. Mulch with rice straw or rice hull and provide partial shade. Water regularly. Apply foliar fertilizer for vigorous growth. Prick in 4” x 6” plastic bags. Land Preparation Prepare land by plowing and harrowing twice. Make furrows 1.5 m apart. Dig holes along the furrows at 30-40cm between holes. Apply 500 g animal manure and 20 g complete fertilizer (14-14-14) per hole. Cover lightly with soil. Transplanting Irrigate the area before transplanting. Transplant one seedling per hole. Trim the leaves, spread the roots evenly and cover with soil. Add soil gradually to the hills as spears develop into mature ferns. For single row technique, plant in the center of the furrow. For double row technique, plant on both sides of the furrow. Maintenance Use herbicides to control specific weeds. Staking or trellising is advisable to prevent lodging of mother ferns. Irrigation schedules depend upon local weather conditions, soil texture and current stage of growth. Maintain only 3-5 vigorous mother ferns and cut all other small ferns. Pests and Disease Management Insect Pests/ Recommendations Diseases Mealybug Prune and burn affected leaves Cutworms Spread wood ash Asparagus spotted beetle Spread wood ash Aphids Spray hot pepper extract or insecticidal soap; remove old ferns Asparagus rust Spray pesticides; prune old ferns Fusarium root rot Use resistant variety Cercospora needle blight Use resistant variety The following are other alternative methods of control: • Grow aromatic plants like basil, marigolds, and Alliums to repel insect pests. • Plant corn, sunflower, Aloe vera and amaranth as trap crop for some insect pests. • Spray with compost tea to minimize fungal and bacterial diseases (Compost tea is prepared by fermenting rice compost for 10-14 days. The effluent is sprayed to control foliar diseases). • Spray hot pepper extract at the rate of 100 g/16 L water for soft-bodied insects. Harvesting Harvest at 6-12 months after transplanting. Cut all ferns and leave only three vigorous spears to serve as mother ferns. Cut all spears at the base. Harvest daily from 1-2 months. Allow a rest period of 2-3 months. Spears can either be snapped or cut with a special long-handle knife. Avoid damaging the crowns with harvesting knives. Harvest early in the day and refrigerate soon after cutting. Grading • Grade 1 asparagus must be a minimum of ½” in diameter, with 2/3 of the spears being green, fresh, well trimmed; with closed, compact tip, fairly straight, and free from decay or damage. • Grade 2 asparagus is a minimum 5/16” in diameter, with half of the spears being green, well-trimmed, with closed tip, and generally free from serious damage. Cost and Return Analysis Per Hectare ITEMS AMOUNT (P) Year 1 I. VARIABLE COSTS P 109,430 A. Labor (P150/MD) Plowing 1,500 Harrowing 1,000 Bedding 1,500 Manure Application 1,500 Seedling production (15 MD) 2,250 Mulching w/ rice straw (10MD) 1,500 Fertilization; basal (12MD) & side dress (10 MD) 1,800 Irrigation (30 MD) 4,500 Weeding (20 MD) 3,000 Spraying (30 MD) 4,500 Pruning (24 MD) 3,600 Miscellaneous (20 MD) 3,000 Sub-total 31,150 B. Materials Seeds (1.3 kg/ha) a 19,500 Animal manure (20 t) 20,000 Fertilizers 46-0-0 (20 bags) 5,580 14-14-14 (9 bags) 3,150 0-0-60 (4 bags) 2,400 0-18-1 (3 bags) 1,650 Pesticides & herbicides (optional) 11,000 Fuel & Oil 5,000 Miscellaneous 11,000 Sub-total 78,280 II. FIXED COSTS 23,189 Land rental 10,000 Depreciation 10 pcs. Knife (2 yrs) 126 5 pcs. Scythe (2 yrs) 63 5 pcs. Hoe ( 3 yrs) 125 3 pcs. Shovel (3 yrs) 75 2 knapsack sprayers (5 yrs) 800 Interest on Loans at 20% int. p.a. 12,000 TOTAL COSTS 132,619 Year 2 I. VARIABLE COSTS 234,060 A. Labor (P150/MD) 5 regular laborers (264 MD) 198,000 Watering Weeding Fertilization Spraying Pruning Harvesting Post harvest handling Sub-total 198,000 B. Materials Animal manure (20t) 20,000 Fertilizers 14-14-14 (12 bags) 4,200 46-0-0 (4 bags) 1,860 Packaging Materials (styropor box, tape, etc.) 10,000 Sub-total 36,060 II. FIXED COSTS 23,139 Land rental 10,000 Depreciation 10 pcs. Knife 126 5 pcs. Scythe 63 5 pcs. Hoe 125 3 pcs. Shovel 25 2 knapsack sprayers 800 Interest on Loans at 20% int. p.a. 12,000 TOTAL COSTS 257,199 GROSS INCOME b, c 240,000–320,000 NET INCOME 17,199 – 62,801 a Cost of seeds; hybrid = P15,000/kg; OP = P1,8000/kg b Harvesting of marketable spears starts on the second year of production c With marketable yield of 6-8 t/ha at P40/kg Production Guide Source: Asparagus Production Guide Information Bulletin No. 198/2000 PCARRD Reproduced By: Department of Agriculture Region IV-B (MiMaRoPa) uploads/Ingenierie_Lourd/ asparagus-production-guide.pdf