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GUIDE FOR TUNNELLING WORK NOVEMBER 2013 Safe Work Australia is an Australian Go

GUIDE FOR TUNNELLING WORK NOVEMBER 2013 Safe Work Australia is an Australian Government statutory agency established in 2009. Safe Work Australia consists of representatives of the Commonwealth, state and territory governments, the Australian Council of Trade Unions, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Australian Industry Group. Safe Work Australia works with the Commonwealth, state and territory governments to improve work health and safety and workers’ compensation arrangements. Safe Work Australia is a national policy body, not a regulator of work health and safety. The Commonwealth, states and territories have responsibility for regulating and enforcing work health and safety laws in their jurisdiction. ISBN 978-1-74361-239-2 [PDF] ISBN 978-1-74361-240-8 [DOCX] Creative Commons Except for the logos of Safe Work Australia, SafeWork SA, Workplace Standards Tasmania, WorkSafe WA, Workplace Health and Safety QLD, NT WorkSafe, WorkCover NSW, Comcare and WorkSafe ACT, this copyright work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Australia licence. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/au/ In essence, you are free to copy, communicate and adapt the work for non commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the work to Safe Work Australia and abide by the other licence terms. Contact information Safe Work Australia Phone: 1300 551 832 Email: info@swa.gov.au Website: www.swa.gov.au Guide for Tunnelling Work page 2 of 90 Guide for Tunnelling Work page 3 of 90 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 1.1 What is tunnelling work?......................................................................................................... 1.2 Who has health and safety duties associated with tunnelling work.......................................... 1.3 Managing health and safety risks............................................................................................ 1.4 Consultation, co-operation and co-ordination.......................................................................... 2 PLANNING AND PREPARATION........................................................................................... 2.1 Roles in the design stage........................................................................................................ 2.2 Developing a tunnel design..................................................................................................... 2.3 Inspection planning............................................................................................................... 2.4 Planning and preparation specific to the workplace............................................................... 2.5 Emergency planning.............................................................................................................. 3 COMMON HAZARDS AND RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH TUNNELLING WORK................. 4 CONTROLLING RISKS IN TUNNELLING WORK............................................................... 4.1 Excavation by hand............................................................................................................... 4.2 Excavation using plant.......................................................................................................... 4.3 Tunnel boring machines........................................................................................................ 4.4 Drill and blast........................................................................................................................ 4.5 Portal protection.................................................................................................................... 4.6 Inspections and scaling......................................................................................................... 4.7 Ground support..................................................................................................................... 4.8 Sprayed concrete.................................................................................................................. 4.9 Shafts.................................................................................................................................... 4.10 Shaft sinking.......................................................................................................................... 4.11 Raise boring.......................................................................................................................... 4.12 Raised shafts........................................................................................................................ 4.13 Caissons............................................................................................................................... 4.14 Ground freezing.................................................................................................................... 4.15 Pipe jacking........................................................................................................................... 4.16 Compressed air tunnelling..................................................................................................... 4.17 Pressure grouting.................................................................................................................. 4.18 New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) or “Observation Method”...................................... 4.19 Personal protective equipment.............................................................................................. 5 AIR QUALITY AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS.................................................................... 5.1 Quantity of air to be supplied or extracted............................................................................. 5.2 Mechanical ventilation........................................................................................................... 5.3 Atmospheric contamination in tunnelling work....................................................................... Guide for Tunnelling Work page 4 of 90 5.4 Dusts and silica..................................................................................................................... 5.5 Monitoring air quality............................................................................................................. 5.6 Using respirators................................................................................................................... 5.7 Diesel emissions................................................................................................................... 5.8 Managing heat stress............................................................................................................ 6 PLANT.................................................................................................................................. 6.1 Procedures for moving plant................................................................................................. 6.2 Surface and underground fuelling......................................................................................... 6.3 Specialist and other plant...................................................................................................... 7. OTHER TUNNELLING RISKS.............................................................................................. 7.1 Fire and explosion................................................................................................................. 7.2 Hazardous chemicals............................................................................................................ 7.3 Health monitoring for hazardous chemicals........................................................................... 7.4 Visibility and lighting.............................................................................................................. 7.5 Working with compressed air................................................................................................ 7.6 Electrical safety..................................................................................................................... 7.7 Falls from heights.................................................................................................................. 7.8 Falling objects....................................................................................................................... 7.9 Vibration................................................................................................................................ 7.10 Eye injury.............................................................................................................................. 7.11 Radiation............................................................................................................................... APPENDIX A – OTHER REFERENCE MATERIAL....................................................................... APPENDIX B – DEFINITIONS....................................................................................................... APPENDIX C – EXAMPLE HAZARD IDENTIFICATION CHART.................................................. APPENDIX D – TUNNEL BORING MACHINES............................................................................ APPENDIX E – VENTILATION METHODS AND EQUIPMENT..................................................... APPENDIX F – ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS...................................................................... APPENDIX G – HAZARDOUS CONTAMINANTS AFFECTING AIR QUALITY............................ Guide for Tunnelling Work page 5 of 90 1 INTRODUCTION This Guide provides practical guidance for a person conducting a business or undertaking and workers on managing health and safety risks associated with tunnelling work. It should be read together with the Code of Practice: Construction work and other codes of practice relevant to tunnelling work. A list of useful resources is at Appendix A. This Guide applies to constructing:  tunnels, caverns, shafts and associated underground structures, and  cut-and-cover excavations - those physically connected to ongoing underground construction tunnels and those cut-and-cover operations that create conditions characteristic of underground construction. This Guide does not apply to mining. When some materials are excavated, like coal, the process is considered mining. In those circumstances the Work Health and Safety (WHS) Regulations for mining and related codes of practice apply. 1.1 What is tunnelling work? Tunnelling work includes constructing a tunnel and supporting systems and associated temporary work. A supporting system means a system necessary to construct the tunnel, for example a ventilation system. A tunnel is defined in the WHS Regulations as an underground passage or opening that is approximately horizontal and starts at the surface of the ground or at an excavation. Excavation associated with tunnelling includes vertical and inclined shafts providing access to tunnels, portals where tunnels emerge at the surface or at a shaft, underground chambers and caverns. Construction work carried out in or near a tunnel or associated excavation is high risk construction work under the WHS Regulations. Other key terms used in this guide are defined at Appendix B. 1.2 Who has health and safety duties associated with tunnelling work The complexity of tunnelling work means there are often many people involved. Everyone involved in tunnelling work has health and safety duties when carrying out the work and more than one person often has the same duty. For example, contractors and subcontractors can have the duties of persons conducting a business or undertaking but they may also be workers. Table 1 Health and safety duties in relation to tunnelling work Who Duties Provisions A person who conducts a business or undertaking Ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, workers and other people are not exposed to health and safety risks arising from the business or undertaking. Eliminate health and safety risks so far as is reasonably practicable, and if this is not reasonably practicable, minimise those risks so far as is reasonably practicable. Manage risks to the health and safety of a worker associated with remote or isolated work. WHS Act s 19 Guide for Tunnelling Work page 6 of 90 Manage other risks under the WHS Regulations including those associated with hazardous chemicals, airborne contaminants and plant, as well as other hazards associated with tunnelling work like noise and manual tasks. WHS Regulation s r 48 A principal contractor – the person who commissions the tunnel Appoint one principal contractor for each construction project valued at $250 000 or more. Specific duties in relation to signs, work health and safety management plan, construction materials and waste, storing plant, essential services, traffic management and general workplace management. WHS Regulation s r 293 Designers, manufactures, importers, suppliers or installers of plant, substances or structures Ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the plant or structure they design, manufacture, import or supply is without risks to health and safety including carrying out testing and analysis and providing information about the plant or structure. WHS Act s 22-26 Officers such as company directors Exercise due diligence including by taking reasonable steps to ensure the business or undertaking has and uses appropriate resources and processes to eliminate or minimise risks from tunnelling work. WHS Act s 27 Workers Take reasonable care for their own health and safety Take reasonable care not to adversely affect other people’s health and safety Co-operate with reasonable work health and safety policies or procedures, and Comply, so far as they are reasonably able, with reasonable instructions. WHS Act s 28 Other people at the workplace, like visitors Take reasonable care for their own health and safety Take reasonable care not to adversely affect other people’s health and safety, and Comply, so far as they are reasonably able, with reasonable instructions. WHS Act s 29 More information about health and safety duties for tunnelling work is in the Code of Practice: Construction work and the Code of Practice: Safe design of structures. 1.3 Managing health and safety risks This Guide explains how to manage the risks associated with tunnelling work by following a systematic process which involves:  identifying hazards – find out what could cause harm in tunnelling work  assessing risks if necessary – understand the nature of the harm that could be caused by the hazard, how serious the harm could be and the likelihood of it happening Guide for Tunnelling Work page 7 of 90  controlling risks – implement the most effective control measures that are reasonably practicable in the circumstances, and  reviewing control measures to ensure they are working as planned. Further guidance on the risk management process is in the Code of Practice: How to manage work health and safety risks. 1.4 Consultation, co-operation and co-ordination Consultation involves sharing information, giving workers a reasonable opportunity to express views and taking those views into account before making decisions on health and safety matters. Sometimes you may share responsibility for a health and safety matter with other business operators who are involved in the same activities or who share the same workplace. In these situations, you should share information to find out who is doing what and work together in a co- operative and co-ordinated way so risks are eliminated or minimised so far as is reasonably practicable. Further guidance on consultation is in the Code of Practice: Work health and safety consultation, co-operation and co-ordination. uploads/Ingenierie_Lourd/ guide-tunnelling.pdf