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TURKISH ELEMENTS IN THE ANTHROPONYMY OF THE AROMANIANS OF ROMANIA Dumitru CARAB

TURKISH ELEMENTS IN THE ANTHROPONYMY OF THE AROMANIANS OF ROMANIA Dumitru CARABAŞ “Ovidius” University of Constanţa Abstract The onomastic material that I will present shows us that Aromanian anthroponymy incorporates elements of Greek, Slavic, Turkish or Albanian context amid which it has developed, in two stages: the profound or early one and the new or recent one. All that is left is that, through subsequent research and conclusions, we may be able to establish the division into periods as accurately as possible, but a fact remains certain: the recent period has not ended yet, and the Aromanian body of names is an integral part of the Balkan world, whose anthroponymic systems interact continuously, as it is in perpetual transformation. Turkish loans were made, notably by means of other Balkan languages, which took over Turkish elements, due to the cohabitation in the Balkan Peninsula, notions of administration, housing, tools, dishes, names of plants and animals, etc. From here, through the Aromanians’ bilingualism or, more correctly, multilingualism these terms entered Aromanian. Key words: Aromanians, onomastics, anthroponyms, Balkan, Turkish elements Résumé Le matériel onomastique présenté montre que l’anthroponymie aroumaine incorpore des éléments du contexte grec, slave, turc ou albanais au milieu duquel elle s’est développée, en deux étapes: l’une profonde ou ancienne et l’autre nouvelle ou récente. Il en reste de fixer la périodisation par les recherches et les conclusions ultérieures, mais un fait est certain: la période récente n’est pas encore achevée et l’onomastique aroumaine fait partie intégrante du monde balkanique dont les systèmes anthroponymiques interagissent de manière continue, en étant dans une perpétuelle transformation. Les emprunts du turc se sont réalisés, prioritairement, par l’intermédiaire d’autres langues balkaniques qui ont repris d’éléments turcs, grâce à leur proximité dans la Péninsule balkanique, notions liées à l’administration, à la maison, aux instruments, aux types de plats, aux noms de plantes et d’animaux etc. A partir d’ici, par le bilinguisme ou, plus correctement, par le multilinguisme des Aroumains, ces termes sont entrés en aroumain. Mots-clés: Aroumains, onomastique, anthroponymes, balkanique, éléments turcs Introduction Aromanians are an integral part of the southeastern European universe. The first documentary information about this population was in this part of the world, it is here that they have crystallized their traditions, customs, dances, songs, language and they have lived here ceaselessly from their inception. Whether historians link their ancient Provided by Diacronia.ro for IP 79.175.81.222 (2018-07-20 09:52:08 UTC) BDD-A9544 © 2014 Editura Sitech Turkish Elements in the Anthroponymy of the Aromanians of Romania origin to Alexander the Great, whether they are followers of the Vlachs north of the Danube who came to this area in a particular historical context, whether they have always been here at home, a fact is undisputed and the views of all scientists are, in this, in unison: their language is of Latin origin. Their area of expression, no matter how large it was in history, is limited today to northern Greece, southern Albania, Macedonia and western Bulgaria. Therefore, Aromanian anthroponymy can be studied only in the Balkan context to which it belongs. Due to the fact that the research regarding the history, language and culture of the Aromanians is fairly vast and for the most part contradictory, especially regarding the status of the Aromanian idiom, as a separate language or Romanian dialect, our interest is focused, in the present study, on the analysis of Turkish elements in the anthroponymy of the Aromanians of Romania. So we do not deal with the status of the Aromanian idiom, or with the ethnic category of Aromanians, but we just say that they are the representatives of Romanism to the south of the Danube, keepers of linguistic elements which clearly indicate that they are part of a spreading area and daily use of the Late Latin Vulgate. The origin of Aromanian vocabulary We will start with a brief presentation of the origin of Aromanian vocabulary, focusing on two aspects: that anthroponymy borrows forms from the common names of a language and forms of them, by nicknames, usually first names and surnames, and the fact that the vocabulary and the anthroponyms usually have the same origins and assimilate the same influences. Most of the terms that form the Aromanian basic vocabulary are of Latin origin1 and this layer is the basis for later Greek, Slavic, Turkish and Albanian terms. Besides words of Latin origin, the Aromanian vocabulary also contains a large number of non-Latin elements. This is due to the long living with populations speaking languages as sources of borrowings: Byzantine Greek, Old Bulgarian or Old Albanian. Many Albanian elements were preserved in the Aromanian spoken in Albany, Greek elements from Neo-Greek, in the Aromanian spoken in Greece, Serbian elements in the language spoken in the former Yugoslavian republics. An exact quantification of borrowings from each language within this area is almost impossible, due to the mutual influences and close living of the Balkan peoples, mainly in the context provided by the Ottoman Empire, of ethnic and religious freedom, after the Middle Ages, therefore these words became “Balkan”, without any possibility of precisely establishing their origin2. Words of Turkish origin are also numerous in Aromanian3. Their share is appreciated, strictly numeric, by Matilda Caragiu Marioţeanu as almost on par with the Latin element4. Although their number in Aromanian is impressive, most terms of Turkish origin have not entered directly into Aromanian, but through other Balkan languages. Those Balkan languages have borrowed from Turkish, due to the cohabitation in the Balkan Peninsula, notions of administration, housing, tools, dishes, 1 Caragiu Marioţeanu, 1975, p. 256; Coteanu, 1961, p. 144. 2 Caragiu Marioţeanu, 1975, p. 256. 3 Caragiu Marioţeanu, 1975, p. 262. 4 Caragiu Marioţeanu, 1975, p. 256, 262. Provided by Diacronia.ro for IP 79.175.81.222 (2018-07-20 09:52:08 UTC) BDD-A9544 © 2014 Editura Sitech Turkish Elements in the Anthroponymy of the Aromanians of Romania names of plants and animals, etc. From here, through the bilingualism or, more correctly, multilingualism5 of the Aromanians these terms entered Aromanian6. Aromanian preserves terms from non-Balkan languages as well. Of them, the highest influence is exerted by Italian, indirectly, through the Neo-Greek spoken by most Aromanians in Greece, or directly, through the commercial relation between the Aromanians and Venetians7. In the last century, one can notice an orientation process of Aromanian towards the languages of the countries inhabited by Aromanians, either due to the socio- political conditions within those states, or due to the easy way of using a single language in the public space and in the personal one, at home. This state of affairs relies on a reality, i.e. the Aromanians are at least bilingual, being fluent in both Aromanian and the language of the population together with which they live. So the influences from those populations bring more and more differences between Aromanian specific branches, continuously narrowing its common vocabulary due to the borrowing process from the official language, process that is followed up by Aromanian anthroponymy as well. Aromanian anthroponymy and its influences Given the linguistic context in which the Aromanian anthroponymy has developed, the fact that several peoples with such different languages coexist within a relatively small geographical area: Romanian, Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian, Albanian, Turkish, but especially when we take into consideration the cultural-linguistic exchange between these communities, which is always with a double sense, both of giving and of taking terms, notions, forms, meanings, I can emphasize the difficulties encountered in accurately establishing both the etymologies and the primary name. That is why, here I shall refer only to the names whose etymology has been identified beyond all doubt, presenting them strictly in alphabetical order, as they can be found with the necessary explanations in the following chapter, so I shall only state their anthroponymical value here (FGN – feminine given name, MGN – male given name, AGN – agnomen, SN – surname, NN - nickname). A. Greek elements: Agora (FGN, SN), Arghir (MGN, SN), Caliopi (FGN), Calispera (AGN, SN), Caluda (SN), Candara (SN), Capachi (SN), Capolida (SN), Cardula (SN), Cavasachis (SN), Ceamba (SN), Cepi (SN), Condara (SN), Cucoli (SN), Derdena (SN), Diamandi (SN), Difteria (FGN), Doxia (FGN), Epaminonda (MGN), Eudoxia (MGN), Euterpi (FGN), Evanghelos (MGN), Evantia (FGN), Exarho (SN), Farmache (SN), Farmason (SN), Filota (MGN), Fota (MGN, SN), Gavrizi (SN), Grameni (SN), Gramoste (SN), Haricleea (FGN), Hrista (MGN, FGN, SN), Leolea (SN), Leonida (MGN), Luta (SN), Maneca (SN), Manţu (SN), Mavrocapa (SN), Mavrodin (SN), Moca (SN), Naciadis (SN), Olimpia (FGN), Palicaria (SN), Paligora (SN), Panaiot (MGN), Panaghia (FGN), Panazega (SN), Papa (SN) and all its 5 I bring the testimony of my grandfather, Dumitru S. Carabaş, born in 1906, in Peştera, Bulgaria, who, although he had only 2-year primary school education, possessed a sufficient vocabulary of everyday life in Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian, Turkish, in the languages of the people he met during transhumance from the Balkan Mountains to Edirne, where they usually kept their sheep. 6 Caragiu Marioţeanu, 1975, p. 262. 7 Valeriu Papahagi, Neculai Iorga, Aromânii moscopoleni şi comerţul veneţian în secolele al 17- lea şi al 18-lea, Bucureşti, Societeatea de cultură uploads/Litterature/ 0584-98880744333k.pdf