An Indian Prometheus? Autor(en): Kuiper, F.B.J. Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift:

An Indian Prometheus? Autor(en): Kuiper, F.B.J. Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: Asiatische Studien : Zeitschrift der Schweizerischen Asiengesellschaft = Études asiatiques : revue de la Société Suisse-Asie Band (Jahr): 25 (1971) Heft 1-4 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-146279 PDF erstellt am: 17.11.2018 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch AN INDIAN PROMETHEUS? F.B.J.KUIPER LEYDEN UNIVERSITY î. The idea that Vedic mythology had a counterpart to the Greek myth of the Titan Prometheus, who stole the fire from Zeus for the benefit of men, is still current among Vedic scholars. It dates back to i8c2, when Rudolph Roth in Jâska's Nirukta sammt den Nighantavas, p. 112, discussed Yäska's interpretation of Mätarisvan in the following words : 'Die Deutung von Mâtariçvan auf Vâju lässt sich aus den Texten nicht rechtfertigen und beruht wohl nur auf der Etymologie von W. cvan. Die zahlreichen Erwähnungen im Veda zeigen das Wort in zwei Deutungen. Einmal bezeichnet es Agni selbst sodann aber auch denjenigen, der ein anderer Prometheus das von der Erde verschwun¬ dene Feuer vom Himmel, von den Göttern herabholt und zu den Men¬ schen, zu den Bhrgu bringt Wie Prometheus der übermenschlichen Ordnung der Titanen angehört und nur darum den Funken im Himmel holen konnte, so ist Mâtariçvan zu jenen halbgöttlichen Geschlechtern zu rechnen, welche die vedische Sage bald in Gemeinschaft der Götter, bald auf Erden wohnen lässt Von diesen zwei Bedeutungen des Wortes Mâtariçvan scheint mir die erste, wonach es das Feuer selbst bezeichnet, die ursprüngliche zu sein. ' Whatever the value may be of the etymological explanation 'in der Mutter schwellend', on which his last conclusion is based, it should in any case be noted that Roth himself seems to have been well aware of the weak foundation on which his interpretation of the myth rested. To the words 'von den Göttern herabgeholt' he added a special foot-note in which he refer¬ red to RS.III. 9.£ and III. £. 10 as the 'Hauptstellen'. Seven years later a book was published which was to become one of the classics in the field of comparative mythology,1 viz. Die Herabkunft 1. Cf. 'A.Kuhn's epoch-making essay' (Eggeling, SBE. XII, p. 294 n. 3). This is still true 86 F.B.j. kuiper: an indian Prometheus? des Feuers und des Göttertrankes (Berlin i8£9) by Adalbert Kuhn. In the beginning of the first part (pp. i-i 18) Kuhn rather perfunctorily dealt with 'die herabführung des Agni zu den menschen', for which he simply referred to Roth's 'ample discussion' (p.£). He accepted without further comment Roth's equation of Mätarisvan and Prome¬ theus, whose name he explained from Skt. pramâtha-'theft' and pra- mantha- 'twirler' (pp. 16-18, earlier in KZ.4, p. 124). On p. 18 he concludes : 'Nach diesen vergleichungen bedarf es denn wohl kaum noch der ausdrücklichen erklärung, dass wir in dem feuerraub des Prometheus einen mythos anzuerkennen haben, der sich dem von Mâtariçvan klar zur seite stellt, wie ich denn auch bereits oben ange¬ geben habe, dass auch Roth in diesem einen zweiten Prometheus sehe. Dass er aber mit ihm identisch sei, hoffe ich in der vorangehenden ausführung über seinen namen klar gemacht zu haben ..." The second part of his book (pp. 118—2£3) was devoted to 'Die herabholung des göttertranks '. Kuhn was unquestionably right in treating the winning of Agni and Soma as two parallel myths. In various ways the Vedic myths express the idea that in the beginning Agni and Soma were in a world whose power of resistance (vrtrd-) was impersonated by a dragon (ahi-). The following reflexions on the Vedic myth are based upon the assumption that this world was an undifferentiated primeval unity, comparable to the Greek Chaos.2 Some myths imply that Agni and Soma were released from this primordial world even before Indra slew Vrtra. In the Rigveda this is expressed in 1.93. 6: 'One (of you) Mätarisvan fetched from heaven, the other the eagle has stolen from the rock' anyam divo mâtarisvâ jabhâra, 'mathnâd anydm pari syenó ddreh) .3 On the other hand it is said in spite ofall justified criticism oflater generations, e.g.,Vodskov, Sjceledyrkelse og Naturdyrkelse 1(1890-1897), p. 127. 2. See further, e.g., IIJ. IV (i960), p. 219, 270, VIII (1964), p. 107. 3. See Johanna Narten, IIJ. IV (i960), p. 123. Keith, Religion and Philosophy of the Veda, p. 221, denies that this connection of Agni and Soma was 'primitive'. F.B.J. KUIPER: AN INDIAN PROMETHEUS? 87 in one of the Samhitäs that when Indra was about to slay the dragon, Agni and Soma warned him not to do so because they were in Vrtra's womb. Cf. TS. II. £. 2. 2—3 ma prd hâr, âvâm antdh sva iti and RS. IH. 29. 14, where Agni is said to have been born from the womb of the Asura (yad dsurasya jathdräd djâyata). The mythological implication ofthis ver¬ sionofthe Vedic Creation myth is, accordingly, that Agni and Soma had to be liberated from the primordialworld before Indra could slay the dragon to found the dualistic cosmos. Many Vedic texts state, indeed, that Indra conquered Vitra with the help of Agni and Soma, cf. MS. II. 1. 3 (p. £,1) agnïsômâbhyâm vai vîryèné 'ndro vrtrdm ahan and KS. XXIV.7 (p. 97, 18), KKS. XXXVII.8 (p. 202, 20), TS. 1.6.11.6 VI. 1.11.6 (and Keith's translation, p. roo withn.4), SB. II.4.4. i£, V.2.3.7, AB.II.3.12. In one of the most interesting cosmogonical hymns it is said that Agni, Soma and Varuna left the world of the ancient Father Asura, who here represents the primeval world ofundifferentiatedunity (RS. X. 124.4, cf. verse 2). Then Indra4 invited Soma to come outside so that they could conjointly slay Vrtra (verse 6 : hdnâva vrtrdm, niréhi soma), a procedure which is stronglyreminiscentofthe Roman evocatio deorum ex urbibusobsessis (as Macrobius has it). A mythological parallel is the story ofhow Indra had to persuade Usanä Kävyah to come over from the Asuras to the party ofthe Devas before the latter could conquer their foes : Jaim. Br. I. 1268 asmân abhyupâvartasve 'ti,Baudh.SS.XVIII.46(p. 40 3,3 f.) sa Aajnapto 'surebhyo dhi devân upasamiyâya. tato ha va etad deva asurân mahâsamgrâmamjigyuh. It is clear that God Soma, who strengthens Indra before the combat with Vrtra, can be said to have assisted him. Cf. the Soma-hymn IX.61.22 sd pavasva yd avithé 'ndram vrtr&ya hdntave. The notion of Sóma- vrtrahdn- was, indeed, an inheritance from the Proto-Aryan religion, cf. Haoma- vara&rajan- Y. 9.16, Yt. 14.£7. These few details may be sufficient to show how problematical Roth's and Kuhn's equation of Mätarisvan and Prometheus was. 4. Vodskov, Sjceledyrkelse og Naturdyrkelse, p. 212, took Agni to be the one who bade Soma to appear. 88 F.B.j. kuiper: an Indian Prometheus? Kuhn's interpretation basically rested on two assumptions, first, that Agni and Soma originally were in heaven ('in den Wolken entstehend', p. 2 £3) and, second, that the fire was stolenfrom the gods for the bene¬ fit of men. It should be noted that when Kuhn wrote (p. 6) 'es heisst nämlich.., dass Mâtariçvan den Agni von den göttern hergebracht habe' he omitted the cautious proviso made by Roth. It will be clear that from a mythological point of view the correctness of these words is open to serious doubts. In the Vedic Syena-myth the eagle (or whatever other bird may have been denoted by the word) steals Somafor Indra, the protagonist of the Devas, to give him the force necessary for slaying the dragon. This is not the place to discuss from what world Soma was stolen. The Rigveda specifies it as 'from afar' (parâvdtah), 'from the rock', 'from the iron strongholds', 'from the sanu' (either of heaven or of a mountain), 'from the sky', whereas the brähmanas simply refer in fixed phrases to 'yonder world', 'the third heaven' or simply 'the heaven' (only SB.). Whatever the explanation of these terms may be (which I hope to discuss elsewhere), they do not contain the slightest indication that Soma was stolen from the gods. On the contrary, it is sometimes expressly said that the gods tried to win Soma from yonder world (AB., SB., see below, p. 9c). Not until the Suparnäkhyäna and the Mahâbhârata was the fundamental character of this myth so much uploads/Litterature/ ast-002-1971-25-612-d.pdf

  • 21
  • 0
  • 0
Afficher les détails des licences
Licence et utilisation
Gratuit pour un usage personnel Attribution requise
Partager