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Studii de gramatică contrastivă 121 ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN THE EGYPTIAN VARIETY O

Studii de gramatică contrastivă 121 ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN THE EGYPTIAN VARIETY OF ARABIC: WHAT MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHONOLOGICAL VARIATIONS OCCURRED TO THEM?1 Abstract: This paper investigates the English loanwords in the Egyptian variety of Arabic. Arabic, which is a language of over two hundred and twenty-three million speakers, abundantly borrows from English. This paper reached three findings. Data, in finding one, revealed that over two hundred words were found to be borrowed from English, code-switching was not included. These words were then put into eleven different categories based on their use and part of speech. Finding two addressed the morphological and phonological variation that occurred to these words. Regarding the phonological variation, eight categories were found in both consonant and vowel variation, five for consonants and three for vowels. Examples were given for each. Regarding the morphological variation, five categories were found including the masculine, feminine, dual, broken, and non-pluralize-able nouns. The last finding reported the results of a five-question survey that was taken by 48 native speakers of Egyptian Arabic. It was found that most participants did not recognize English loanwords; they thought these words were originally Arabic, and they could not give Arabic equivalents for the loanwords that they could identify. Keywords: Loanwords, Cognates, Borrowing, Morphology, Phonology, Variation, Arabic Language, Egyptian Dialect. Résumé: Cette etude traite des emprunts anglais dans la variété égyptienne de l’arabe. L’arabe, qui est une langue parlée par plus de deux cents vingt-trois millions de locuteurs, emprunte beacoup de mots à l’anglais. Cette étude nous a mené à trois conclusions. Premièrement, les données ont révélé le fait que plus de deux cents mots ont été empruntés à l’anglais, à part l’alternance codique. Ces mots ont été ensuite classés en onze catégories en fonction de leur usage et partie du discours. Une deuxième conclusion porte sur la variation morphologique et phonologique qui affecte ces mots. Pour ce qui est de la variation phonologique, huit catégories ont été identifiées pour la variation consonnantique et vocalique, cinq catégories pour les consonnes, trois pour les voyelles et des exemples ont été donnés afin d’illustrer ces cas. En ce qui concerne la variation morphologique, cinq catégories ont été identifiées. La dernière conclusion porte sur les résultats d’une enquête à cinq questions qui a été menée sur 48 locuteurs natifs d’arabe egyptien.Selon les résultats, la majorité des participants n’ont pas reconnu les mots empruntés à l’anglais, en croyant qu’il s’agit plutôt de mots arabes et ils n’ont pas réussi à proposer des équivalents arabes pour les emprunts identifiés. Mots-clés : emprunts, mots apparentés, morphologie, phonologie, variation, langue arabe, dialecte égyptien. Introduction It has been taken for granted that all languages of the world play the role of either the giver or the borrower through a process known as language contact (Al-Qinai, 2000; Hock & Joseph, 2009; Abderrahman, 1991). In the case of Arabic, unlike the past when Arabic played the role of the lender, it nowadays extensively plays the role of the borrower, (Al- Btoush, 2014; Hijjo & Fannouna, 2014). It is noticed that languages’ sounds—either consonant or vowel— are not identical across languages, so it is expected that loanwords 1 Mohamed Yacoub, Indiana University of Pensylvania, Taha.mohamaad@gmail.com // M.A.Yacoub@iup.edu Provided by Diacronia.ro for IP 156.215.240.8 (2020-11-20 12:02:22 UTC) BDD-A27013 © 2016 Universitatea din Pitești Studii de gramatică contrastivă 122 undergo a process of phonological, morphological, or semantic change when crossing from one language to another (Al-Qinai, 2000). Arabic, which is a language of, at the very least, a two-thousand-year history, maintains its syntactic, semantic and other systems of the language almost unchanged over the years and is expected to remain so in the future (Yacoub, 2015). Al-Shubashi (2004) stated that “Arabic is the only language in the world whose rules have not changed for 1500 years” (p. 13). Arabic is spoken as a first language in twenty-two countries in the Middle East with an approximate total number of 223,010,130 speakers of it as a first language (Ethnologue Languages of the World, 2014). In terms of consonants, Arabic possesses nine consonant sounds that English lacks; these consonants are ( ,,ص , خ , ح ض ق , غ , ع , ظ , ط /( ) sˁ/, /x/, /ħ/, /dˁ/, /q/, /ɡh/, /aˁ/, /ðˁ/, /tˁ/), and Arabic lacks the /p/, /v/, /tʃ/,1 and /dʒ/ from English consonants. Unlike consonants, Arabic utilizes only six vowel systems compared to the many more vowel sounds in English. The vowel pairs (long and short) are /ɑ/ and /æ/, /i/ and /ɪ/, and /ʊ/ and /u/ (Thompson-Panos & Thomas-Ruzic, 1983, p.612). These differences in vowel and consonant sounds between Arabic and English play a role in the phonological variation. Speakers of Arabic either adopt a new sound—which enriches the sounds of the language— or replace it by a native one (Al-Qinai, 2000), as in the case of video which is uttered in Arabic as ‘ فيديوfideo,’ in which /v/ becomes /f/, and as ‘ راديوradio’ in which /eɪ/ becomes /æ/. The Egyptian variety (EV) of Arabic is the variety which is spoken as a first language by the population of Egyptians that is made up of about 91,000.000 people according to the census of January 2013. EV is a dialect from the many different dialects of the Arab region (like Sudanese, Gulf, and Shami dialects). The linguistic situation in Egypt is best described as diglossic where two forms of a language exist together: The first form is high (H) and is spoken in formal situations and used as a language of the mass media, and the low form (L) is used for the daily conversations (Yacoub, 2015). However, form L starts to appear in the mass media and exist in some formal speeches, as well (Yacoub, 2015). Form L contains many English loanwords. This paper, hence, addresses three findings. First, it detects the English loanwords that exist in the Egyptian variety of Arabic. Second, it investigates the morphological and phonological variation that occurred to these loanwords when spoken in EV. Third, it reports the findings of a survey that was conducted to find out the feelings and reactions of the participants towards these borrowed words. Literature Review The term ‘loanwords’ is defined by many linguists in the field of language contact. Bynon (1977) defined loanwords as the words that transfer across the boundaries of languages (p. 98). Owino (2003) introduced a classification of different types of borrowing that are recognized in the literature of sociolinguistics: 1. The direct type of borrowing: the borrower language adopts into its system both the form and meaning of a loanword. 2. Loan translation or calques: the target language creates new morphemes, and phonemes instead of the foreign ones. In this case, the foreign words only serve as “a model for a native creation.” This is the complete opposite of the first kind since none of the 1 The method of transcription used in this study is the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) according to Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Provided by Diacronia.ro for IP 156.215.240.8 (2020-11-20 12:02:22 UTC) BDD-A27013 © 2016 Universitatea din Pitești Studii de gramatică contrastivă 123 morphemes or phonemes of the loanwords plays any role in the new word of the target language. 3. Semantic extension (semantic calques): an original word in the target language is given a new meaning for the foreign word. Consequently, the same native word will have multiple meanings that expand to carry the new word. In this case and the previous one, the target language is kept pure from foreign elements. 4. Loanshift: this happens when the target language refuses to accept the new loanword with the cultural meaning that is attached to it. Subsequently, what is borrowed is the verbal expression of the loanword. The borrowing aspect happens in only the semantics of the word. In this case and the previous two, the target language is kept pure from foreign elements. 5. Loanblend: the borrower here adapts or borrows a part of the word and blends it with an original part of the target language. 6. Loan creations: the new coinages in the target language matches “designations available in a language of contact” (p. 27). 7. Hybrid borrowing: this refers to a context that has three languages: target languages; source language one; and source language two. For instance, a country that was colonized by France has a source language, which is French, beside its own language (Arabic, for example). When this country needs to borrow a new word from English (which plays the role of the second source language), it replaces the English word for a French one. This is called “Hyper Borrowing” (p. 27). The reasons why people borrow words have been studied by sociolinguists to be what follows: Prestige is one of the reason why people borrow; “When something is PRESTIGIOUS, we may feel a NEED to imitate or borrow it” (Hock and Joseph, (2009, p.259).1 Hockett (1958) pointed out that “people are expected to emulate those they admire” (p. 68). Weinreich (1963) and Owino (2003) referred to the point that the uploads/Litterature/ english-loanwords-in-egyptian-arabic.pdf