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Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at National guide for wildland-urban-interface fires: guidance on hazard and exposure assessment, property protection, community resilience and emergency planning to minimize the impact of wildland-urban interface fires Bénichou, N.; Adelzadeh, M.; Singh, J.; Gomaa, I; Elsagan, N.; Kinateder, M.; Ma, C.; Gaur, A.; Bwalya, A.; Sultan, M. NATIONAL GUIDE FOR WILDLAND-URBAN INTERFACE FIRES Guidance on hazard and exposure assessment, property protection, community resilience and emergency planning to minimize the impact of wildland-urban interface fires © (2021) Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the National Research Council of Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever without the prior permission of the publisher. Paper: Cat. Nº NR24-60/2021E · ISBN 978-0-660-36308-0 PDF: Cat. Nº NR24-60/2021E-PDF · ISBN 978-0-660-36307-3 NRC number: NRCC-CONST-56449E National Guide for Wildland-Urban Interface Fires N. Bénichou, M. Adelzadeh, J. Singh, I. Gomaa, N. Elsagan, M. Kinateder, C. Ma, A. Gaur, A. Bwalya, and M. Sultan Recommended citation: Bénichou N., Adelzadeh M., Singh J., Gomaa I., Elsagan N., Kinateder M., Ma C., Gaur A., Bwalya A., and Sultan M. (2021). National Guide for Wildland-Urban Interface Fires. National Research Council Canada: Ottawa, ON. 192 pp. © (2021) Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the National Research Council of Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever without the prior permission of the publisher. Paper: Cat. No. NR24-60/2021E · ISBN 978-0-660-36308-0 PDF: Cat. No. NR24-60/2021E-PDF · ISBN 978-0-660-36307-3 NRC number: NRCC-CONST-56449E Également disponible en français. NRC.CANADA.CA National Guide for Wildland-Urban Interface Fires PAGE i Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................................... II DISCLAIMER ................................................................................................................................................................. V AUTHORS (NRC TEAM) ............................................................................................................................................... VII TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ............................................................................................................................................. IX LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................................... XI LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................................... XIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................................ XV LIST OF DEFINED TERMS ........................................................................................................................................... XVII PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................................. XXVII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................1 1.1 TERMINOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 WILDFIRES IN CANADA ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Incidence............................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2.2 Fire Suppression.................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2.3 Losses ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2.4 Fire Risk .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.2.5 National Wildland Fire Strategy ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.6 Existing Guidance ............................................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 ABOUT THIS GUIDE ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.2 Objectives and Building Functions ...................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.3 Scope, Applications, and Limitations of the Guide ............................................................................................. 8 1.3.4 Content ............................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.5 Audience ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE ............................................................................................................................................... 16 1.4.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.4.2 Administrative Considerations ......................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 2 HAZARD AND EXPOSURE .......................................................................................................................... 21 2.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................................................................... 21 2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF WILDLAND FIRES .............................................................................................................................. 21 2.2.1 Fire Behaviour .................................................................................................................................................. 21 2.2.2 Fire Intensity ..................................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.3 Flame Length .................................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.4 Flame Temperature .......................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.5 Flame Front ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.6 Spread Rate ...................................................................................................................................................... 23 2.3 HAZARD FACTORS ......................................................................................................................................................... 23 National Guide for Wildland-Urban Interface Fires PAGE ii 2.3.1 Fuel ................................................................................................................................................................... 24 2.3.2 Topography ...................................................................................................................................................... 26 2.3.3 Weather............................................................................................................................................................ 26 2.4 EXPOSURE MECHANISMS ............................................................................................................................................... 26 2.4.1 Ember Transport ............................................................................................................................................... 27 2.4.2 Radiation .......................................................................................................................................................... 28 2.4.3 Convection and Direct Flame Contact .............................................................................................................. 28 2.5 OVERVIEW OF HAZARD AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................... 29 2.6 HAZARD AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................ 30 2.6.1 Determination of Need for Assessment ............................................................................................................ 30 2.6.2 Hazard Assessment .......................................................................................................................................... 31 2.6.3 Exposure Assessment ....................................................................................................................................... 33 2.7 USE OF CHAPTER 3 WITHOUT PERFORMING A HAZARD AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ................................................................. 41 CHAPTER 3 WUI FIRE RISK MITIGATION IN THE STRUCTURE IGNITION ZONE .............................................................. 43 3.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................................................................... 43 3.1.1 Scope of This Chapter ....................................................................................................................................... 43 3.1.2 Application of This Chapter .............................................................................................................................. 43 3.1.3 Objective of This Chapter ................................................................................................................................. 43 3.1.4 Implementation of the Recommendations in This Chapter .............................................................................. 44 3.2 EXPOSURE LEVELS AND CONSTRUCTION CLASSES ................................................................................................................. 44 3.2.1 Determination of Exposure Level ...................................................................................................................... 44 3.2.2 Determination of Construction Class ................................................................................................................ 44 3.3 CONSTRUCTION MEASURES ............................................................................................................................................ 45 3.3.1 Existing Applicable Regulations ........................................................................................................................ 45 3.3.2 Exterior Walls ................................................................................................................................................... 45 3.3.3 Foundation Walls ............................................................................................................................................. 48 3.3.4 Raised or Elevated Buildings ............................................................................................................................. 49 3.3.5 Roofing Materials ............................................................................................................................................. 50 3.3.6 Gutters and Downspouts .................................................................................................................................. 50 3.3.7 Eaves, Soffits, and Roof Projections ................................................................................................................. 50 3.3.8 Service Openings and Vents ............................................................................................................................. 51 3.3.9 Doors and Windows ......................................................................................................................................... 51 3.3.10 Decks, Balconies, and Other Building Attachments ........................................................................................ 52 3.3.11 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Tanks ...................................................................................................................... 53 3.3.12 Fire Department Access Routes ...................................................................................................................... 53 3.3.13 Access Route Design ....................................................................................................................................... 53 3.4 PRIORITY ZONES ........................................................................................................................................................... 54 3.4.1 Priority Zone Requirements .............................................................................................................................. 54 3.4.2 Slope-Adjusted Priority Zones ........................................................................................................................... 57 3.4.3 Setbacks............................................................................................................................................................ 57 3.4.4 Firebreaks and Fuel Breaks ............................................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 4 COMMUNITY PLANNING AND RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 61 4.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................................................................... 61 National Guide for Wildland-Urban Interface Fires PAGE iii 4.2 PLANNING THE WILDLAND-URBAN INTERFACE.................................................................................................................... 61 4.2.1 Demographics .................................................................................................................................................. 62 4.2.2 Land Use and Development .............................................................................................................................. 64 4.2.3 Access and Egress Routes ................................................................................................................................. 70 4.3 COMMUNITY RESOURCES ............................................................................................................................................... 78 4.3.1 Utilities ............................................................................................................................................................. 78 4.3.2 Public Transportation during Emergencies....................................................................................................... 85 4.3.3 Firefighting Capabilities .................................................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 5 EMERGENCY PLANNING AND OUTREACH ................................................................................................. 89 5.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................................................................... 89 5.2 COMMUNITY EMERGENCY PLANNING ............................................................................................................................... 89 5.2.1 WUI Evacuation Planning ................................................................................................................................. 90 5.2.2 Developing Emergency Communication Strategies .......................................................................................... 94 5.3 PUBLIC OUTREACH AND EDUCATION ............................................................................................................................... 100 5.3.1 Public Education ............................................................................................................................................. 100 5.3.2 Developing a Communication Plan................................................................................................................. 101 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. 105 TASK GROUPS ........................................................................................................................................................... 105 OTHER NRC CONTRIBUTORS ..................................................................................................................................... 106 OTHER CONTRIBUTORS AS OBSERVERS ..................................................................................................................... 106 OTHER CONTRIBUTORS AS COMMENTATORS ........................................................................................................... 106 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................................. 109 APPENDIX A THE WUI FIRE DISASTER SEQUENCE ...................................................................................................... 119 APPENDIX B COMMUNITY RISK ASSESSMENT FACTORS ............................................................................................ 123 APPENDIX C LIFE SAFETY VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................ 127 APPENDIX D ADMINISTRATIVE CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................................................... 131 APPENDIX E POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WUI FIRE HAZARD IN CANADA ...................................... 135 APPENDIX F FUEL TYPES ACCORDING TO THE FBP SYSTEM ....................................................................................... 137 APPENDIX G CANADIAN FOREST FIRE DANGER RATING SYSTEM ............................................................................... 143 APPENDIX H IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERVENTIONS OUTLINED IN CHAPTER 3 ........................................................ 145 APPENDIX I EXPLANATORY MATERIAL FOR CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................. 149 APPENDIX J EXPLANATORY MATERIAL FOR SECTION 4.2.1 ........................................................................................ 153 APPENDIX K EXPLANATORY MATERIAL FOR SECTION 4.2.2 ....................................................................................... 155 APPENDIX L EXPLANATORY MATERIAL FOR SECTION 4.3.3 ....................................................................................... 159 National Guide for Wildland-Urban Interface Fires PAGE iv National Guide for Wildland-Urban Interface Fires PAGE v Disclaimer This Guide was developed by the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) in collaboration with a Technical Committee (TC) composed of national and international experts. Due diligence was exercised in the development of the Guide. It is intended for use by qualified practitioners who are familiar with the various aspects of wildfires and will use this Guide responsibly. The NRC cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions in the Guide. The NRC also cannot be held liable for any damages or claims resulting from the use or misuse of the Guide. In addition, no part of this Guide may be reproduced without the written consent of the NRC. National Guide for Wildland-Urban Interface Fires PAGE vi National Guide for Wildland-Urban Interface Fires PAGE vii Authors (NRC Team) Noureddine Bénichou (Project Leader) Masoud Adelzadeh Jitender Singh Islam Gomaa Nour Elsagan Max Kinateder Chunyun Ma Abhishek Gaur Alex Bwalya Mohamed Sultan National Guide for Wildland-Urban Interface Fires PAGE viii National Guide for Wildland-Urban Interface Fires PAGE ix Technical Committee An international TC composed of experts from government, academia, industry, and consultancy led and contributed to the development of this Guide. The names of the TC members and their organizations are listed below. Michael Bodnar – Buffalo Fire Engineering Ltd., Canada Geoffrey Braid – Province of Alberta, Canada Stamatina Chasioti – Cement Association of Canada, Canada1 Teresa Coady – Architectural Institute of British Columbia, Engineers and Geoscientists British Columbia, Canada Steven Craft (TC Chair) – CHM Fire Consultants Ltd., Canada Mike Flannigan – University of Alberta, Canada David Foster – Canadian Home Builders’ Association, Canada George Frater – Independent (previously Canadian Steel Construction Council), Canada Steve Gwynne – Movement Strategies Ltd., UK Heather Hayne – Indigenous Services Canada, Canada2 Kelly Johnston – FireSmart Canada, Canada Marek Kapuscinski – NAIMA Canada, Canada3 Erica Kuligowski – National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA Ken Kunka – City of Penticton, Canada4 Michelle Maybee – CertainTeed Canada uploads/Litterature/ nrc-publications-archive-archives-des-publications-du-cnrc.pdf