heating temperature for low to radiators The guide the guide to radiators FOR l

heating temperature for low to radiators The guide the guide to radiators FOR low temperature heating systems DM023030150602 - 02/2012 Every care has been taken in the creation of this document. No part of this document may produced without the express written consent of Rettig ICC. Rettig ICC accepts no responsibility for any inaccuracies or consequences arising from the use or misuse of the information contained herein. Rettig Belgium NV Vogelsancklaan 250, B-3520 Zonhoven Tel. +32 (0)11 81 31 41 Fax +32 (0)11 81 73 78 info@radson.com www.radson.com 3 why this guide? This guide aims to give an overview of low temperature heating systems, their benefits, use, and overall contribu- tion to lowered energy use across Europe. It contains contributions from a number of academics and opinion leaders in our industry, and includes detailed research into the use of radiators in energy efficient heating systems. The guide is intended for use by wholesalers, installers and planners, to help with making informed decisions about the choice of heat emitters in new builds and refurbished houses. Why this guide? 5 4 INDEX Why this guide 3 Contents 5 A Interview with Mikko Iivonen 6 1 It’s time to change our way of thinking 10 2 How insulation influences heating efficiency 20 B Interview with Professor Christer Harryson 34 3 The increasing use of low temperature water systems 38 C Interview with Professor Dr. Jarek Kurnitski 54 4 Significant proof 58 5 Choosing a heat emitter 72 D Interview with Elo Dhaene 78 6 Benefits to the end user 82 turning energy into efficiency interview with mikko Iivonen | A 6 7 I turn figures into results M. Sc. (Tech) Mikko Iivonen, Director R&D, Research and Technical Standards Rettig ICC As Director of R&D, Research and Technical Standards in Rettig ICC, I am responsible for provid- ing all our markets with new answers, insights, innovations, products and results. All our efforts are based on realistic and independent research conducted in close co-operation with leading industry figures and academics. This has recently included Prof. Dr. Leen Peeters (University of Brussels - Belgium), Prof. Christer Harrysson (Örebro University - Sweden), Prof. Dr. Jarek Kurnitski (Helsinki University of Technology - Finland), Dr. Dietrich Schmidt (Fraunhofer Institut – Germany) and many others. With their help, research and insight, I turn figures into results. 8 9 120 90 60 30 specific heat load W/m2 ∆T Excess temperature 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 oC 90/70/20 70/55/20 55/45/20 45/35/20 same size radiator * * * * * Fig. A.2 Space heating demand – specific heat load diagram for approximation purposes Fig. A.1 Radiator design temperatures have fallen in accordance with the lowered heat loads of buildings. By investing heavily in research and development, we live up to our promise to provide you with clever heating solu- tions. Solutions that make a real difference in terms of cost, comfort, indoor climate and energy consumption. Solutions that make it possible to save up to 15% on energy. With that in mind, I would like to share with you the results of an extensive one-year measurement study conducted by Professor Harrysson. The study involved 130 large and small Swedish family houses and shows that the heating energy consumption of underfloor-heated buildings is 15-25% higher than in radiator-heated buildings. That’s not surpris- ing, but it also shows that the increased energy efficiency of modern buildings has once again put low temperature heating systems firmly in the spotlight. As you can see in Fig. A.1 and A.2, the design temperatures of radiators have decreased over the years in accordance with the building energy requirements. As building and insulation requirements have become stricter across Europe, the building envelope becomes easier to heat, since less heat escapes. Furthermore, with the excellent responsiveness of a radiator system, it is now more practical than ever to make the most of heat gains in the home and office. Clever heating solutions 20/20/20 interview with mikko Iivonen | A European member states are on a fixed deadline to create and enforce regulations to meet Energy Efficiency Goals for 2020 (Directive 20/20/20). This involves reaching a primary energy saving target of 20% below 2007 levels, reducing greenhouse gases by 20%, and a determination that 20% of gross final energy has to come from renewable energies. For building owners tasked with providing ever more impressive Energy Performance Certificates, it is more important than ever to choose a heating system that offers proven improve- ments in energy efficiency - radiators in a low temperature system. These targets concern particularly buildings, which consume 40% of the total energy used in Europe. Heat demand W/m2 kWh/ m 2a 240 180 120 100 120 0 1977 WSVO84 WSVO95 EnEv02 EnEv09 EnEv12 NZEB 30 60 90 German Development specific heat load Energy consumption of buildings continues to fall. It is possible to save up to 15% on energy Primary energy saving target of 20%, reducing greenhouse gases by 20% and 20% of gross final energy has to come from renewable energies Because of stricter requirements, the building envelope becomes easier to heat 11 10 Energy regulation is a key priority for everyone, particularly where buildings are concerned. Homes and offices across Europe are subject to strict regulations regarding energy performance, with EU directives EPBD 2002/91/EC and EPBD recast 2010/91/EC requiring certification of energy consumption levels for owners and tenants. As well as this, European member states are on a fixed deadline to create and enforce regulations to meet Energy Efficiency Goals for 2020 (Directive 20/20/20). There are different national regulations across Europe, with targets for improvement of energy performance agreed in the EU individually for each of the Member States. Despite the varying targets and measurements in each country, the overall trend throughout Europe is to reduce levels of energy consumption. it’s time to change our way of thinking | 1 chapter 1 it’s time to change our way of thinking Energy regulations There are different national regulations across Europe for improvement of energy performance •  Energy regulations > There are different national regulations across Europe for improvement of energy performance •  Renewable energy targets > Strict targets have placed significant pressure on building owners to reduce energy use •  Innovation of radiators > Reducing the water content and placing the fins in contact with the hotter channels has increased thermal output. With today’s designs, the material is up to 87% more efficient than in traditional models 13 12 Examples of renewable energy targets it’s time to change our way of thinking | 1 There is growing public concern about the environment, and increasing consumer preference for environment- friendly products and processes. It is clearly time to re-evaluate the way the heating industry works, as guidelined by Ecodesign directive ErP 2009/125/EC. Our responsibility to end-users is to provide the most energy- efficient and cost-effective way to create a comfortable indoor climate. Although a number of different heating solutions are available, there is continuing confusion about which to choose. In order for end-users installers and planners to make an informed choice, it is important that accurate information on heating solutions is made available. As of the use of low temperature central heating systems continues to grow, Radson has created this guide to explain the growing role that radiators have to play in the heating technology industry today. As you can see below, and on the following pages, some targets are incredibly strict, with the underlying trend that the use of renewable energies and reduction of greenhouse gases has been massively prioritised. Finland: from 28.5% - up to 39% France: from 10.3% - up to 23% Germany: from 9.3% - up to 18% UK: from 1.3% - up to 15% Sweden: from 39% - up to 49% This has placed significant pressure on building owners to find ways to minimise their energy use, and not just to comply with governmental regulations (Fig. 1.1). Across Europe, the push towards efficiency is affected by a number of other variables. Fossil fuel prices continue to rise, as the dwindling supplies of oil, coal and gas become increasingly valuable resources. Examples of reduction targets Strict targets have placed significant pressure on building owners to minimise energy use Our responsibility is to provide the most energy- efficient and cost-effective way of creating a comfortable indoor climate 15 14 Energy consumption, kWh/m2a Requirement % Primary energy demand-heating, kWh/m2a Year Year Year Year 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Norway 1997 TEK07 TEK2012 TEK2017 TEK2022 TEK2027 2007 2012 2017 2022 2027 2002 2004 Building stock average 1961 1979 1995 2006 2010 2015 2020 Existing buildings 1980 Belgium 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 TEK97 0,4 0,2 0 165 207 130 100 65 30 0 20 0 200 250 300 150 100 50 0 -50 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 0 Flanders Equivalent thermal insulation requirements Legal EPB-requirements Policy intentions Brussels Valloria Researc (Demon S kWh/m2 Energy consumption, kWh/m2a Requirement % Primary energy uploads/Litterature/ to-radiators-the-guide.pdf

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