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Page 33 of 40 American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing Guide Introd

Page 33 of 40 American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing Guide Introduction: Explicit indication of the sources of information and ideas is one of the characteristics of academic and professional writing. Explicit referencing of sources distinguishes academic and professional writing from other types of writing. Academic and professional writers show where they got the information or ideas for their texts through internationally accepted referencing system such as APA and Harvard. The “APA style” is a generic author-date style for citing and referencing information in assignments, project reports, thesis, dissertations and other publications. There are many styles which follow the author-date convention, including the Harvard style and the Chicago Manual of Style. This guide is based on the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual which is recommended to follow by the IPM. What is referencing? Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments, project thesis, dissertations and other publications which allows the sources to be identified. Why referencing? Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to follow up what you have written and more fully understand the cited author’s work. Accordingly referencing is important due to the following reasons.  To respect intellectual property  To strengthen arguments by indicating the source of ideas  To demonstrate knowledge of the field in which you are writing  To establish your voice in your academic writing  To meet marking criteria  To avoid accusation of plagiarism Page 34 of 40 Please Note that APA emphasizes to prepare your list according to the concept of references not to the concept of bibliography. The difference between these two concepts will be taught to you by the relevant lecturer in charge. Thus, the following two are the most important matters to be concerned. 1. In-text citations – That is to insert citations at the appropriate place in the text of your document and that should be according to author-date style. Page numbers must also be included if you directly quote, paraphrase a passage or if you want to direct the reader to a specific page. What is a quotation and paraphrasing will be taught by your relevant lecturer. 2. List of References – That is to include a reference list which includes all in-text citations at the end of your research project report. The following matters are important in preparing your list of references. Further explanations regarding the following points will be given by your lecturer.  It should be arranged alphabetically by author.  If you have more items (articles, books, chapters etc.) published by the same author, list the items chronologically, starting with the earliest publication.  Each reference should appear on a new line.  It should be indented so that the author can clearly stand out.  References should not be numbered. Page 35 of 40 The following tables indicate how to put in-text citations and prepare the list of reference for the most common types among different types of sources you find. In-text and References relating to book: (Further guidelines will be given by your lecturer) Type In-text Reference One author Stone (1991) or Stone (1991, P.44) confirmed that Stone, J. R. (1991). Human resource management. Australia: John Wiley & Sons. Two to five authors (Torrington & Tan, 1994) or Torrington & Tan (1994) stated that Torrinton, D. & Tan, C. H. (1994). Human resource management for South East Asia. Singapore: Prentice Hall. Six or more authors (Bannister et al., 2005) or Bannister et al. (2005) explains ……. Bannister, B. J., Chan, A. W., Mak, W. M., Ng, C. W., Bennett, R. & Stone, R. J. et al. (1995). Managing human resources In Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Pitman. Multiple work by the same author (Willmott, 2004, 2006) Willmott, W.F . (2004). Rocks and landscapes of the national parks of Southern Queensland. Brisbane: Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division. Willmott, W.F. (2006). Rocks and landscapes of the national parks of Central Queensland. Brisbane: Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division. (Order chronologically from earliest in the reference list) Multiple works by the same author, published in the same year (Patel, 2002a, 2002b) Patel, J. (2002a). Learning Styles and Reflective Practice: The Pedagogy of Individualized Instruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Patel, J. (2002b). Signification and Psychology in Education: A Case Study of Theory in Practice. London: Rutledge. (Order alphabetically by title in the Reference list) Page 36 of 40 Book by an organization or institution (Queensland Health, 2002) or Queensland Health (2002) recommends that…. Queensland Health. (2002). Best practice guidelines for the management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Brisbane: Queensland Health Editions (Clark, 1992) or Clark (1992) stated that........ Clark, R. (1992). Australian human resources management: Framework and practice (2nd ed.). Sydney: McGraw Hill. Edited book (O’Neill & Kramar, 1995) or O’Neill & Kramar mentioned that……… O’Neill, G. L. & Kramar, R. (Eds.). (1995). Australian human resources management. Melbourne: Pitman. Electronic book (Pettinger, 2002) Pettinger, R. (2002). Global organizations. Oxford: Capston Publishing. Available from NetLibrary database. Book Chapter in an edited book (Helber, 1995) or Helber (1995) compares Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: John Wiley. Chapter from an electronic book (Scott, 2005) Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda (Ed.) Anthropologies of modernity (pp.21-49). Retrieved from Wiley Inter Science database. Dictionary or Encyclopedia (Wolman, 1989) Wolman, B.B. (1989). Dictionary of behavioral science (2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. Page 37 of 40 In-text and references relating to journal articles: (Further guidelines will be given by your lecturer) Type In-text Reference One author (Sweeney, 1979) or Sweeney (1979) stated that……… Sweeney, J.H. (1979). A new look at promotion from within. Personnel Journal, 58(08), 531-535. Two authors Schafer & Kang (2008) Schafer, J.L. & Kang, J. (2008). Average causal effects from nonrandomized studies: A practical guide and simulated example. Psychological Methods. 13, 279-313. Three to six authors (Skenderian, Siegel, Crano, Alvaro, & Lac, 2008) Skenderian, J, Siegel, J. T., Crano, W.D., Alvaro, E.E. & Lac, A. (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 22, 563-569. More than six authors (Galea et al., 2008) Galea, L.A., Uban, K. A., Epp, J.R., Brummelte, S., Barha, C.K., Wilson, W. L. et al. (2008). Endocrine regulation of cognition and neuroplasticity: Our pursuit to unveil the complex interaction between hormones, the brain, and behaviour. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale. 62, 247-260. Article from electronic data base (Wharton, 1996) Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in outdoor activity centres. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Leadership, 12(4), 8-9. Retrieved November 10, 2007, from ABI/INFORM Global database. Page 38 of 40 In-text and references to web pages: (Further guidelines will be given by your lecturer) Type In-text Reference With one author (Atherton, 2005) Atherton, J. (2005). Behaviour Modification. Retrieved February 5, 2009, from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/ behaviour_mod.htm No author (Behaviour modification, 2007) Behaviour modification. (2007). Retrieved February 5, 2009, from http://www.educational- psychologist.org.uk/behaviour.html No date (Society of Clinical Psychology, n.d.) Society of Clinical Psychology. (n.d.) About Clinical Psychology. Retrieved January 28, 2009, from http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/aboutcp.html Cooperate author (Queensland Health, 2008) or As stated by Queensland Health (2008)………. Queensland Health. (2008). Healthy start in life. Retrieved March 10, 2009, from http://www.health.qld.gov.au/ph/documents/ saphs/hsil_full_doc.pdf. In-text and references relating to lecture notes: (Further guidelines will be given by your lecturer) Type In-text Reference Course handouts/Lecture notes – print (Johnson, 2008) Johnson, A. (2008). Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint slides]. Unpublished manuscript, BESC1001, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia. Lecture notes – Online (Johnson, 2008) Johnson, A. (2008). Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from BESC1001, University of Queensland Blackboard Online: http://www.elearning.uq.edu.a Page 39 of 40 In-text and references relating to thesis: (Further guidelines will be given by your lecturer) Type In-text Reference Retrieved from personal or institutional website (Axford, 2007) Axford, J.C. (2007). What constitutes success in Pacific island community conserved areas? (Doctoral dissertation, University of Queensland, 2007). Retrieved from http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:158747 Retrieved from data base (Sheehan, 2007) Sheehan, L. R. (2007). Destination management organizations: A stakeholder perspective. Retrieved from Proquest Digital Dissertations. (AAT NR25719) In-text and references relating to conference papers: (Further guidelines will be given by your lecturer) Type In-text Reference Published paper (Bohrer, Zielke & Freiburg, 1995) Bohrer, S., Zielke, T., & Freiburg, V. (1995). Integrated obstacle detection framework for intelligent cruise control on motorways. Paper presented at IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Detroit, MI: Piscataway. Unpublished paper (Bowden & Fairley, 1996) Bowden, F.J. & Fairley, C.K. (1996, June). Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations of effective rates of partner change. Paper presented at the scientific meeting of the Royal Australian College of Physicians, Darwin. Page 40 of 40 In-text and References relating to Newspapers and Magazines: (Further guidelines will be given by your lecturer) Type In-text Reference Newspaper article with Author (Cook, 2002) Cook, D. (2002, January 28). All in the mind. The uploads/Management/ american-psychological-association-apa-referencing-guide.pdf