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PRESENTATION OF REFERENCES, QUOTATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES TRANSLATED A

PRESENTATION OF REFERENCES, QUOTATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES TRANSLATED AND ADAPTED BY KAREN SHERMAN (VERSION ORIGINALE EN FRANÇAIS) HEC MONTRÉAL Important: When you present someone else’s work as your own, you commit plagiarism. Plagiarism is an act of fraud that can incur sanctions ranging up to expulsion from HEC Montréal. Any total or partial reproduction (be it a few words, a couple of lines or more than one page) of a text written by another author, along with any quotation of ideas, must include the exact reference to the source, regardless of whether the original text is a printed or electronic document (see Appendix for examples of plagiarism). For more information, please consult the biblioguide Citer ses sources (HEC Montréal, 2011a). To avoid unintentional plagiarism, it is recommended that when taking notes you clearly distinguish all information (full or partial sentences and ideas) taken from other authors. May 2012 2 1 Presentation of references and quotations in a text Here are some ways to refer to other authors’ works in your own texts using the author, date method, which is preferred in most fields, rather than the footnote (see Section 3). .  Exact reproduction of another person’s words and reference in the text according to the author, date method Examples1:  Quotation of a complete sentence “He’s the one who will give our young people, most of whom are budding Craftsmen, a chance to get started” (Pitcher, 1995: 187).  Run-in quotation integrated in a sentence Regarding the role of the Craftsman vis-à-vis the younger generation, “he’s the one who will mentor, empower and teach and train and invest in them” (Pitcher, 1995: 187).  Run-in quotation that is slightly modified as part of a sentence2 “The Craftsman […] will give our young people, most of whom are budding Craftsmen, a chance to get started” (Pitcher, 1995: 187).  Run-in quotation preceded by a preposition such as according to According to Pitcher (1995:187), “the important thing for the Craftsman is less that the person displays what they know and what they want to learn to do”. Or: According to Pitcher (1995), “the important thing for the Craftsman is less that the person displays what they know and what they want to learn to do” (187).  Run-in quotation introduced by a speech verb3 followed by the conjunction that Pitcher (1995) asserts that “the Craftsman is the preserver and the mentor” (187). Punctuation Always enclose a short quotation* in quotation marks. Use italics for a short quotation if it is in any language other than English (if you are writing in English). The reference that follows the quotation is placed after the closing quotation mark (“), between parentheses and before the final punctuation mark of the sentence. In parentheses, the author’s name and date are separated by a comma. The reference to the page4 is the last item inside the parentheses. * The short quotation, normally of three lines or fewer, is differentiated from the long quotation, more three lines long. Long quotations are set off from the text, indented to the right (in block format) and are single spaced. The long quotation is not enclosed in quotation marks and is generally written in font one or two points smaller. Use italics only if the quote is in a foreign language (if necessary offer a translation of the quotation in a footnote, followed by the comment our translation between parentheses). 1 Patricia Pitcher, Artists, Craftsmen and Technocrats: The Dreams, Realities and Illusions of Leadership, Toronto: Stoddart, 1995, 289 p. 2 Here, the brackets indicate a transformation of the original text. For example: “The Craftsman […] will give our young people, most of whom are budding Craftsmen, a chance to get started." The brackets represent a phrase in the original text that is not pertinent to the student’s text, so it has been omitted. 3 A speech verb is a verb that reports a person’s words or thoughts, for example affirm, believe, say, think, explain, note, observe, clarify, argue. In this context, these verbs are generally followed by a subordinate clause beginning with the word that. 4 To indicate the page reference, the colon is increasingly used, rather than the abbreviation “p.” (for example: According to Pitcher (1995: 187). Page indications are necessary only when there is a quote in quotation marks. 3  Translation and paraphrasing of someone else’s words or ideas Original Text “TROISIÈME NIVEAU DE COMPÉTENCE : INFLUENCER, MOTIVER ET GÉRER Il s’agit du niveau de compétence communicationnel le plus élevé, celui qui permet une gestion sur le plan mondial.” _______________________________ Olivier Irrmann, “Parlez-vous international? Capacité communicationnelle et internationalisation.” Gestion, Vol. 31, no. 1 (Spring 2006):112. Paraphrase The third level of competence entails influencing, motivating and managing. At the highest level, it gives rise to global management (Irrmann, 2006). This is a paraphrased excerpt of a direct translation of a text by Irrmann. You do not need to indicate that it is a translation because it is not a direct quotation. Otherwise you should put the words our translation in parentheses after the quote (p.13).  Reformulation and paraphrasing of someone else’s words or ideas Example5: In the neoclassic economic literature (Bushman and Smith, 2001; La Porta et al., 2000; Shleifer and Vishny, 1997), governance is defined primarily as a means of protecting investors. Here, the reformulation summarizes the thoughts of several authors6: it is different from the original but conveys the converging ideas of the authors. Paraphrasing and synthesis should always be used more frequently than quotations. The next example – a quotation within a quotation – should be used only when you cannot consult the work or article by the author cited in the original text.  Quotation within a quotation (reference to an author cited by another author) Example: The examination in context of not-for-profit organizations should consider “both external and internal contingencies” (Ostrower and Stone, 2006: 612, cited by Turbide et al., 2008: 7) All references within the text (in the example above Turbide et al., but not Ostrower and Stone) must also appear in the bibliography of your text where the bibliographical entry must be complete. 5 J. Turbide, C. Laurin, L. Lapierre, and R. Morissette. “Financial Crises in the Arts Sector: Is Governance the Illness or the Cure?” International Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 10, no. 2 (Winter 2008): 4-13. 6 If you summarize the thoughts of several authors who are not co-authors, the references between parentheses must be separated by semicolons, for example (Villers, 2003; Malo, 1996). If your bibliography includes at least two texts by the same author published in the same year, add a lowercase letter without a space following the year of publication (e.g. Mintzberg, 1990a or Mintzberg, 1990b, etc.). 4 2 Presentation of bibliographical entries There are several ways to present bibliographical references. The important step is to choose a presentation style, bearing in mind the types of reference documents (books, journal articles, websites, etc.), and to use this style consistently throughout the bibliography. To help you, the HEC Montréal library currently offers EndNote, bibliography management software, which is free to use. Simply select the style, for example, style bibliographique HEC Montréal (HEC Montréal, 2011b), which resembles the style below. The guidelines below are intended to help people who do not use the software. Below we suggest an order for information found in a standard bibliographical entry. Information and typography Punctuation and spacing 1. Author’s name, Include accents on capital letters, if applicable. Comma Space 2. Author’s first name If applicable: , and First name of second author Last name Space Period 4. Title of work Or: Title of work: Subtitle of work Period Space 5. Additional information (if applicable) E.g.: edited by John Doe, 2nd ed., doctoral thesis… Comma Space 6. Place of publication Colon Space 7. Publisher’s name (do not mention “Publications” or “Publisher”) Comma Space 8. Name of collection Comma Space 9. Year Comma Space 10. Number of pages p Period Examples: Pitcher, Patricia. Artists, Craftsmen and Technocrats: The Dreams, Realities and Illusions of Leadership. Toronto: Stoddart, 1995, 239 p. Pauchant, Thierry C., and Ian I. Mitroff7. Transforming the Crisis-Prone Organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992, 255 p. 7 When using the author, date method, always separate the names of two authors cited in the text by the word and, for example (Pauchant and Mitroff, 1992). 5 Here are some examples of more complex bibliographical entries.  Article in a periodical Author’s Last name, First name. “Title of article: Subtitle of article.” Title of periodical, Vol. 00, no. 0 (Month Year): first page-last page. Pozzebon, Marlei. “The Influence of a Structurationist Perspective on Strategic Management Research.” Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 41, no. 2 (March 2004): 247-272. Ayayi, Ayi. “Les particularités du marché du capital de risque.” Gestion, Vol. 26, no. 4 (Winter 2002): 23-33.  Translated work Author’s last name, first name. Title of translation (English/French version… of Title in original language, X ed. (additional information if applicable, trans. by Translator’s First name Last name). uploads/Management/ presentation-of-references-quotations-and-bibliographical-entries.pdf