Remerciez-le!

Remerciez @Admin pour avoir partagé cet document gratuitement, de la manière la plus simple, en partageant sur les réseaux sociaux.

ALWAYS REMEMBER Speakers are not born, they Speakers are not born, they are mad

ALWAYS REMEMBER Speakers are not born, they Speakers are not born, they are made.are made. Speakers are not born, they are made. Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement BENEFITS OF DEBATING •Cultivates quick and multi-dimensional, logical thinking. •Enhances the ability to develop reasoned opinions. •Gives a better understanding of the current events and the world around us. •Improves self-confidence, speaking style and command of language. •Enriches your overall leadership qualities. • Cultivates quick and multi- dimensional, logical thinking. • Enhances the ability to develop reasoned opinions. • Gives a better understanding of the current events and the world around us. • Improves self-confidence, speaking style and command of language. • Enriches your overall leadership qualities. Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM GOOD DEBATERS POSSESS •Good knowledge of current issues. •Ability to generate ideas. •Ability to think critically and logically. •Ability to present the ideas systematically. •Ability to handle culturally diverse and challenging situations with great ease and to one’s their (own) enjoyment. • Good knowledge of current issues. • Ability to generate ideas. • Ability to think critically and logically. • Ability to present the ideas systematically. • Ability to handle culturally diverse and challenging situations with great ease and to one’s their (own) enjoyment. DIFFERENT FORMATS OF DEBATES •Parliamentary & Non-parliamentary •Malaysian Conventional •American Parliamentary • Parliamentary & Non-parliamentary – Parliamentary debates allow Points of Information (POI) while Non-Parliamentary debates do not. • Malaysian Conventional – 3 members to a team – Topics given in advance – POIs not allowed • American Parliamentary – 2 members to a team – POIs are allowed Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM DIFFERENT FORMATS OF DEBATES •Royal Malaysian/ Asian •British Parliamentary (World Debates) • Royal Malaysian/ Asian – 3 members to a team – POIS are allowed. • British Parliamentary (World Debates) – 2 member to team and 4 teams in a debate – POIs are allowed Opening Gov. Opening Opp. Closing Opp. Speaker/ChairpersonAudience Set up in a British Parliamentary Format of Debate Closing Gov. Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM A DEBATE IS JUDGED ON THE BASIS OF: 1. Matter: What you present (i.e. the content) 2. Manner: How you present (i.e. the style) 3. Method: Organisation/ structure of your presentation Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM ELEMENTS OF MATTER 1. Definitions: - Set up of the debate 2. Arguments: - Must be logical - Must be relevant 3. Evidences: - Must be relevant - Evidential value (strength) 4. Rebuttals: - Must be logical - Must be relevant - Must be prompt Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM DEFINING A TOPIC •Explain the key-words in the topic. •Identify what you want to prove and what is your stand. This is called the theme of your team. •If there is a measurement involved, set up the yardstick or criteria for such measurement. • Explain the key-words in the topic. • Identify what you want to prove and what is your stand. This is called the theme of your team. • If there is a measurement involved, set up the yardstick or criteria for such measurement. Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM RULES OF DEFINITION • It must bear a close relation to the motion. • It must not be truistic. • It must not employ time or place setting. • It must not be based on overly specific knowledge Characteristics of a Proper Definition: • Literal with key-words definition. • Metaphorical definition. • Issue based &/or specified definition (different from time-place setting). Kinds of Definitions: Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM • You can only challenge a definition if it violates any of the criteria stated earlier. Frequently used terms in challenging definitions are: wholly unreasonable, squirrel, time-place set, truistic. • You cannot challenge a definition simply because you have a more reasonable or better definition. Grounds for Challenge: CHALLENGE OF DEFINITION Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM CHALLENGE OF DEFINITION • Challenge must come from the leader of the opposition, not later. • Leader of the opposition must provide an alternative definition. • In most of the cases, the teams must introduce an 'even if’ argument. • An `Even if' argument is not possible in some cases. (e.g. truistic definition & definition running counter to the resolution i.e. where govt. has taken the opposition’s case). • In a definition debate, all the speakers except the PM argue the following: • Why challenge? • Validity/ invalidity of the two definitions. • Even if we are to accept the other side's definition, these are the weaknesses of their case. • Positive case under their own definition. Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM • First, identify what you have to prove under the topic. • Then, identify what helps you to prove it. Put them in the format of an argument or a set of arguments. • Not everything that you know on the subject is relevant. • Anticipate the questions that may be raised against your arguments and see if you have good answers to them. • Block the opportunity for those questions to be raised by addressing them briefly as you explain the argument. • Present the arguments in order of their strength. • Avoid empty rhetoric and emotionalism - be rational. GETTING THE RIGHT ARGUMENTS Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM ESTABLISHING AN ARGUMENT Basic statement Conclusion/ how it proves your team’s theme Proofs/ evidences/ examples that factually establish your basic statement Logical explanations of why and how the basic statement stands Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM • Do not rebut the example, attack the very premise of the argument of the other side. Only then contrary examples can be supplemented. • It is advisable to provide multiple rebuttals to each argument of the other side. • Rebuttals should also be in conformity with your case. • Rebut the rebuttals of your case by the other side in order to defend your case. EFFECTIVE REBUTTALS Attacks (Rebut the Arguments) Defence (Rebut the Rebuttals) Rebuttals Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM ELEMENTS OF MANNER/STYLE • Respectable attitude towards the judges and the other team. • Vocal style: volume, clarity, pace, intonation etc. • Use of notes: not to read a written text. • Eye contact. • Body language: hand gestures, pacing, standing etc. • Impression of sincerity. • Humour, wit, appropriate and healthy sarcasm. Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM ELEMENTS OF METHOD -Team structure -Individual Structure -Responses to the dynamics of the debate - Team structure - Continuity of team’s theme in all the speeches. - Consistency among all the speakers (no contradictions) - Reinforcement of team members' arguments - Clear & logical separation between arguments. - Individual Structure - Attractive opening/ outline of the speech. - Proper organisation & priority of the arguments. - Organisation of rebuttals. - Appropriate timing of the speech - Summary of the speech. - Responses to the dynamics of the debate - Right thing at the right time. - Ability to follow the progression of and changes in the debate, and to re-act accordingly. Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM MODEL INDIVIDUAL SPEECH Definitions/ theme of the team Presentation of your own arguments Reiteration and defence of your own team’s case Rebuttals (attacks and defence) Conclusion (why your team’s case stands and other team’s case does not) Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM PROPOSITION/ GOVERNMENT: TEAMS ROLES: ASIAN/ AUSTRALS To support the motion which involves: To support the motion which involves: – Defining the motion, – Constructing a positive case in favour of the motion, – Providing substantive materials and arguments in support of the case, – Responding to any challenges made to that case by the Opposition. OPPOSITION: OPPOSITION: To negate the motion which involves: To negate the motion which involves: Responding to the Government's definition, Constructing a case in opposition to the motion, Providing substantive material and arguments in support of the (opposition) case, Responding to the arguments delivered by the Government. Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM - Defines - Builds a positive case to support the motion - Responds to the Opp.’s case. TEAM ROLES: BRITISH PARLIAMENTARY - Responds to the government’s case - Builds a case to oppose the motion - Supports the Opening Gov.’s case, - Adds new dimensions, arguments to further substantiate the government’s case. - Responds to the Opp.’s case - Supports the Opening Opp.’s case - Adds new dimension, arguments in Opp.’s case - Responds to government’s case OPENING GOV. CLOSING GOV. CLOSING OPP. OPENING OPP. Speech & Interpersonal Communication Enhancement Unit, IIUM • 1st Speaker /Prime Minister – Defines the topic. – Gives the case structure and theme. – Presents own arguments. – Provides a summary of his speech. (What I've given u so far..). • 2nd Speaker – Rebuts. – Reiterates and defends his first speaker’s arguments. – Presents own argument. – Provides a summary of his speech. • 3rd Speaker uploads/Management/ speakers-are-not-born-they-are-made-speech-amp-interpersonal-communication-enhancement-unit-iium.pdf