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Study Guide for GCOM 123 Final Exam Fundamentals of Communication Chapter 1: Co

Study Guide for GCOM 123 Final Exam Fundamentals of Communication Chapter 1: Competent Communication What are the most common myths about communication? 1. Communication is the cure all 2. Communicating is just common sense 3. Communication quantity equals quality Explain the differences between the three models of communication: linear, interactive, and transactional. linear: one way, sender sends a message through a channel to a receiver in an atmosphere of noise interactive: back and forth; different from linear because it has feedback, also the different fields of experience of people effects this model transactional: says that everyone is a sender and a receiver Define the basic communication elements contained in the communication models (channel, sender, receiver, message, encode, decode, context, fields of experience, noise, and feedback) sender: persons sending the message message: what the senders wants the receiver to get receiver: person getting the message channel: medium a message is sent through encode: decode: noise: interference with effective transmission and reception of a message physical: external, environmental distractions ex. startling sounds physiological: biological influences ex. sweaty palms, pounding heart psychological: preconceptions, biases, and assumptions semantic noise: reflected in word choice that is confusing or distracting feedback: the receiver's verbal and nonverbal response to the message (not found in the linear model) fields of experience: include our cultural background, ethnicity, geographic location, extent of travel, and general personal experiences accumulated over a lifetime Explain the two aspects of every message: Content and relationship. Content: what is actually being said or done Relationship: How the message defines or redefines the association between individuals What differentiates a constructive communication climate from a destructive communication climate? Constructive Openness Supportiveness Destructive Closedness Defensiveness Chapter 2: Perception of Self and Others Define the perceptual process. Process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting data from our senses What is a perceptual schema (prototype, stereotype, and script)? Mental framework that creates meaningful patterns from stimuli Prototype: is the most representative example of something Stereotype: a generalization about a group or category of people Script: a predictable sequence of events that indicates what we are expected to do in a given situation How is self-concept developed (reflected appraisal, significant others, and society)? Influenced by relationship and communication with others, how people look at you and perceive you Reflected appraisal: messages you receive from others that assess your self concept How the society you live in evaluates how a person should be has an effect on self concept and self esteem What are some of the influences on perception (gender, culture, past experiences, mood, and context)? What is self-disclosure? Process of purposefully revealing to others personal information about yourself that is significant and others would not know unless you told them Define the concepts of depth and breadth in terms of self-disclosure. Breadth: range of topics discussed Depth: how personal you are when they are discussed What are the guidelines for offering and receiving self-disclosure? Trust Reciprocity: disclosure is two way street Cultural Appropriateness Situational Appropriateness Incremental Disclosure Why is reciprocal sharing important? One way disclosure creates vulnerability Define the term “self-serving bias”. The tendency to attribute our successful behavior to ourselves but to assign external circumstances to our unsuccessful behavior What is the self-fulfilling prophecy? What does it influence? Acting on an erroneous expectation that produces the expected behavior and confirms the original impression Define the process of attribution? Assigning causes to behavior; How does the fundamental attribution error impact competent communication? What is empathy? Perspective taking Emotional understanding Concern for others Group Communication Chapter 10: The Anatomy of Small Groups Define what a small group is. Groups are considered “small” if each individual in the group can recognize and interact with every other group member What are the advantages and disadvantages of small groups? Advantages : Disadvantages What is cohesion? How is it developed? Cohesiveness: goal of the social dimension Encouraging compatible membership Developing shared goals that members find challenging and exciting to achieve Actually accomplishing important tasks that meet the standards of the goals Developing positive group history of cooperation Promoting acceptance of all group members Goal of the social dimension Social dimension: relationships between group members and the impact these relationships have on the group What influence does cohesion have on task and social dimensions of small groups? Cohesion is the goal of social dimension and it connects to task dimension because cohesion and productivity are interconnected What are group norms? Norms: rules that indicate what group members have to do, should do, and may not do Explicit: specifically and overtly identify acceptable and unacceptable behavior Implicit: observable patterns of behavior exhibited by group members that identify acceptable and unacceptable behavior PURPOSE: Helps achieve group goals What is a small group role? Patterns of expected behavior associated with parts that you play in groups What is the difference between formal and informal roles? Formal roles are assigned to you Informal roles emerge naturally and identify functions not positions Explain the difference between the three types of informal group roles (maintenance, task, and disruptive) Maintenance: address the social dimension of small groups; main goal is to gain and maintain cohesiveness Task: advance group goal attainment Disruptive: Me- oriented; serve the individual needs and goals; focuses attention on the individual What is leadership? A leader- follower influence process with the goal of producing change that is largely accomplished through competent communication What are the different approaches to leadership (traits, styles, and situational)? Traits: relatively enduring characteristics of a person that highlight differences between people and that are displayed in most situations Certain negative traits can predict who will not become a leader Certain traits may be necessary but not efficient to become an effective leader Situational: some people may be more fit as a leader for different situations and in different context Define the major leadership styles (directive or autocratic; participative or democratic; laissez-faire, and situational). Directive: autocratic; puts heavy emphasis on the task dimension with slight attention to the social dimension of groups Participant: democratic; places emphasis on both social dimension and task dimension in groups Laissez-faire: situational; no leadership is exercised at all Chapter 11: Effective Groups Explain the distinctions between a team and a group. A team is always a group but a group is not always a team All players of a team are passionately committed to the achievement of their designated goal What is brainstorming? What is critical to its success? Creative problem solving method characterized by encouragement of even zany ideas, freedom from initial evaluation of potential solutions, and energetic participation from all members - All members should come prepared with initial ideas - Don’t criticize any idea during the brainstorming process - Encourage freewheeling idea generation - Don’t clarify or discuss ideas during idea generation phase - Record all ideas for future reference - Encourage participation from all members - Wait to evaluate the idea generated until brainstorming session is completed Explain the steps in the Standard Agenda. Standard Agenda provides one such highly effective structured method of decision making and problem solving 1. Identify goal(s) 2. Analyze the problem 3. Establish criteria 4. Generate solutions 5. Evaluate solutions and make final decision Explain the differences between the major forms of decision-making (majority rule, minority rule, and consensus). What are the advantages and disadvantages of the major forms of decision-making (majority rule, minority rule, and consensus)? Majority rule; ADVANTAGES: efficiency, provides rapid closure on relatively unimportant issues, can break a deadlock, once a majority emerges the decision is made DISADVANTAGES: sometimes support preposterous, unethical positions, may encourage dominance power dynamic within a group, and may make decisions too quickly Minority Rule; DISADVANTAGES: expert can ignore group input; members may engage in power plays, members will likely have weak commitment to the final decision Consensus: state of mutual agreement among members of a group where all legitimate concerns of individuals are addressed to the satisfaction of the group ADVANTAGES: requires full discussion, team members likely to be committed to final decision, produces group satisfaction DISADVANTAGES: difficult to achieve, the larger the group the more difficult it is to achieve What is groupthink? How might groupthink be avoided? Group think: a process of stressing cohesiveness and agreement instead of skepticism and optimum decision making A group climate that encourages robust discussion of opposing views Public Speaking Chapter 12: Preparing Speeches What are the components of audience analysis (demographics, values, beliefs, & attitudes)? Attitude: a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward some attitude object Belief: what a person thinks is true or probable Value: the most deeply felt, generally shared view of what is deemed good Demographics: characteristics such as age, gender, culture and ethnicity, and group affiliations What elements of speech making are influenced by audience analysis (preparation and presentation)? Define the general purpose, specific purpose, and central idea in public speaking. General purpose: identifies the overall goal of your speech; it tells the audience why you are giving the speech Central idea: identifies the main concept, point, issue, or conclusion you want uploads/Management/ study-guide 12 .pdf