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Buckland 1997 what is a document

What Is a Document'' Michael K Buckland School of Information Management Systems University of California Berkeley CA - E-mail buckland sims berkeley edu Ordinarily the word document'' denotes a textual re- information-as-thing'' Buckland a b c cord Increasingly sophisticated attempts to provide ac- These issues are important because mechanical informa- cess to the rapidly growing quantity of available docu- tion systems can only operate on physical representa- ments raised questions about what should be consid- tions of information '' This background is relevant to ered a document '' The answer is important for any the clari cation of the nature and scope of information de nition of the scope of Information Science Paul Otlet and others developed a functional view of document'' systems and discussed whether for example sculpture museum objects and live animals could be considered docu- ments '' Suzanne Briet equated document'' with orga- From Document to Documentation'' nized physical evidence These ideas appear to resemble notions of material culture'' in cultural anthropology In the late th century there was increasing concern and object-as-sign'' in semiotics Others especially in with the rapid increase in the number of publications the U S A e g Jesse Shera and Louis Shores took a especially of scienti c and technical literature Continued narrower view New digital technology renews old ques- tions and also old confusions between medium mes- effectiveness in the creation dissemination and utiliza- sage and meaning tion of recorded knowledge was seen as needing new techniques for managing the growing literature The managing'' that was needed had several aspects Introduction Ef cient and reliable techniques were needed for collect- ing preserving organizing arranging representing de- What is a document What could not be a document scribing selecting retrieving reproducing copying Ordinarily information storage and retrieval systems have and disseminating documents The traditional term for been concerned with text and text-like records e g this activity was bibliography '' However bibliogra- names numbers and alphanumeric codes The present phy'' was not entirely satisfactory for two reasons i It interest in multimedia'' reminds us that not all phenom- was felt that something more than traditional bibliogra- ena of interest in information science are textual or text- phy'' was needed e g techniques for reproducing docu- like We may need to deal with any phenomena that some- ments and ii bibliography'' also had other well-estab- one may wish to observe Events processes images and lished meanings especially historical or analytical bib- objects as well as texts liography which is concerned with traditional techniques This article reconstructs and comments on the develop- of book production ment of thought on this topic with an emphasis on the Early in the th century the word documentation'' ideas of continental European documentalists in the rst was increasingly adopted in Europe instead of bibliogra- half of this century If documentation'' a term that phy'' to denote the set of techniques needed to manage included information storage and retrieval systems is this explosion of documents Woledge provides what