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ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF OIL PALM NURSERIES JANUARY 2010 at A nursery wi

ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF OIL PALM NURSERIES JANUARY 2010 at A nursery with compact varieties at BioVale, Para, Brasil The Amazon (OxG) hybrid at Oleaginosas Salamanca, Tumaco, Colombia ASD Costa Rica • Teléfono: (506) 2257 2666 • Fax: (506) 2257 2667 sales@asd-cr.com http://www.asd-cr.com ESTABLECIMIENTO Y MANEJO DE VIVEROS DE PALMA ACEITERA Enero 2010 Página 2 de 38 CONTENT GENERAL ASPECTS .......................................................................................................... 3 Área and seed requeriments………………………………………………. …………… Error! Bookmark not defined. Site selecction .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Planning ............................................................................................................................... 4 THE PRENURSERY .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. General aspects .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Shade ................................................................................................................................... 9 Planting ............................................................................................................................. 11 Care after planting ............................................................................................................. 13 Weed control and phytosanitary management .................................................................. 13 Fertilization ....................................................................................................................... 13 Irrigation ............................................................................................................................ 14 Culling .............................................................................................................................. 14 Trasplanting to the main nursery ....................................................................................... 16 Multiple plantlets ............................................................................................................... 16 Inert substratum ................................................................................................................. 17 MAIN NURSERY ............................................................................................................... 20 Land preparation and soil selection ................................................................................... 20 Infraestructure ................................................................................................................... 21 Bags .................................................................................................................................. 21 Filling and distribution of bags ......................................................................................... 22 Preparation and transporting of prenursery plants ............................................................ 24 Trasplanting at the main nursery ....................................................................................... 24 Irrigation ............................................................................................................................ 26 Fertilization ....................................................................................................................... 27 Weed control ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Phytosanitary management ............................................................................................... 30 Culling ............................................................................................................................... 33 Plant preparation before field planting .............................................................................. 35 ANEX 1: General information on sprinkling irrigation. ................................................... 36 ANEX 2. Expected efficiencies of some activities………………………… …………….38 ESTABLECIMIENTO Y MANEJO DE VIVEROS DE PALMA ACEITERA Enero 2010 Página 3 de 38 GENERAL ASPECTS An oil palm plantation must begin with the selection of the best planting material available on the market and an excellent seedling management in the nursery. The planter must obtain its seeds from a well-known reliable source; that will guarantee the quality and genetic purity of its varieties through an ample germplasm base, a well established and recognized breeding program, and by independent official certificates of both genetic purity and high phytosanitary standards. Only the very best plants from the nursery should be taken to the field. Any false saving at the prenursery or nursery phases may have serious negative economical consequences that may ex- tend throughout the productive life of the plantation (20 or more years). Choosing the best nur- sery plants will allow: • Shortening the period between transplanting in the field and the first harvests (increased pre- cocity) • Increasing the initial accumulated yield, which is very important to improve cash flow during the first years • Reducing initial maintenance costs in the field, particularly weed and pest control Seed requirements and nursery area The number of seeds required depends on project size and the percentage of expected losses, which depends on the percentage of emergence and the culling or discarding of abnormal plants. Normally, it is expected to discard around 15-20 % of the plants at the end of the nursery phase; however, this proportion may be larger if agronomical management has been deficient, possibly leading to loss rates of up to 25% or more (Table 1). To estimate the area required for the nursery to house the number of seedlings to be planted in a defined field, two aspects are taken into account: the age of the seedlings when they would be ready to be planted in the field, and the spacing between seedlings for each age and variety in particular. Besides this, some extra space will be necessary to accommodate the infrastructure, such as storage buildings, roads, drains and the irrigation system (approximately 15% of the total area). Usually the seedlings are expected to stays in the prenursery for 2.5-3 months, and in the main nursery, an additional of nine more months; however, due to unexpected situations in the initia- tion of the project, it may be necessary to plant younger seedlings –less than 12 months old– or seedlings older than 12 months. Under these circumstances, the spacing between seedlings varies along with the size of the nursery (Table 1). Nevertheless, it must be kept in mind that planting too young nursery seedlings (particularly un- der seven months of age) is not advisable, since some of them could develop into abnormal plants, but at such young age they are still undistinguishable from their normal sisters. Besides this, when nursery plants are still underdeveloped to be planted in the field, they are more ex- posed to suffer severe damage by some pests like rats, cutting ants and Strategus aloeus. Rats may cause severe losses in plants with a thin basal bulb. Finally, weed control have to be initially more intensive and expensive, since small plants can suffer more from competition, particularly from tall grasses. On the other hand, taking to the field very large nursery plants (17 or more months) may cause severe transplanting shock if no special precautions are taken during plant- ing. In an attempt to facilitate transportation and planting, the grower may severely prune these plants which is not desirable either. ESTABLECIMIENTO Y MANEJO DE VIVEROS DE PALMA ACEITERA Enero 2010 Página 4 de 38 Site selection The area for both the prenursery and main nursery must meet certain requirements: • Nearly flat topography • Soil with a top layer rich in organic matter, well structured, preferably sandy loam, loam or clayed loam • Enough space for the number of seedlings needed and the accompanying infrastructure • Availability of water year-around • Easy access year-around • Strategic location with respect to the defined planting areas, particularly for the main nursery Planning Some key aspects are: • Timely land preparation (at least three months before the seeds arrive) • Reception of the seeds in the appropriate season, so field planting can be done at the begin- ning of the rainy season • Proper estimates of the needs for infrastructure, materials, equipment, transport and other miscellaneous aspects In general, the net nursery area can be estimated as follows: A=N/0.886xS2 Where: A= net area (ha), N=number of plants and S= spacing between bags I.e.: 1.2 m between bags, will result in 8,000 plants/ha. Placed at 90 cm triangular will be 12,000 plants/ha. ESTABLECIMIENTO Y MANEJO DE VIVEROS DE PALMA ACEITERA Enero 2010 Página 5 de 38 An additional area of around 15% is required for lodging roads, drains and the irrigation system. Table 1. Estimates of seed quantities and area required (ha) for the main nur- sery according to spacing between seedlings and the project area (15% culling and 2% replanting) Project size Seeds Area required according to plant age (months) (ha) Palms/ha required 122 143 50 143 8,500 0.7 1.0 100 17,200 1.4 2.1 500 85,800 6.9 10.3 1,000 171,600 13.8 20.7 50 160 9,600 0.8 1.2 100 19,200 1.5 2.3 500 96,000 7.7 11.6 1,000 192,000 15.5 23.1 50 170 10,200 0.8 1.2 100 20,400 1.6 2.5 500 102,000 8.2 12.3 1,000 204,000 16.5 24.6 2 = 0.9m triangular spacing 3 = 1.1m triangular spacing A percentage of plants (2% or less) may fail after field transplanting due to poor planting tech- niques, diseases, pests, or any other cause. These losses must be anticipated by planting extra nursery plants that can be eventually used to fill the vacants. These extra plants will stay in the nursery for at least an extra year, so it is advisable to use more spacing between bags. The development of large plantations is generally carried out in several phases (years); therefore, nurseries could be established in the same site during several years. On the other hand, the possi- bility of delays in field planting makes it necessary to keep seedlings in the nursery longer than initially planned. This means that seedlings to be used in the next phase and those ready for transplanting in the field may overlap. If this overlapping exceeds the normal prenursery period of three months it is recommended that sufficient additional area and irrigation capacity be avail- able to accommodate both groups simultaneously. However, it must be kept in mind that main- taining plants of different ages in the same area and using the same site for a nursery during many years may aggravate some phytosanitary problems. This is the situation observed in sites were antracnose blight is prevalent, where even prenursery plants could be affected by inoculum (spores) generated in the older seedlings. ESTABLECIMIENTO Y MANEJO DE VIVEROS DE PALMA ACEITERA Enero 2010 Página 6 de 38 THE PRENURERY General aspects ASD only recommends two stage nurseries, where the germinated seeds are first planted in small polybags in a prenursery and then transplanted into larger bags at the main nursery after two and a half or three months (3-4 leaves). Planting and selecting the best seedlings at the prenursery assures that only the best plants are eventually taken to the field at the end of the nursery stage. The prenursery offers several advantages: - Less land needs to be prepared initially (bags are smaller and are accommodated togeth- er) - The initial costs of supervision and maintenance are substantially reduced - Watering is more efficient and less expensive - There is a substantial saving in large nursery bags and filling with soil of those bags1 - Only uploads/Ingenierie_Lourd/ nursery-guide.pdf