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Revue de synthèse : tome 137, 6e série, 2016, p. 87-115. DOI 10.1007/s11873-016

Revue de synthèse : tome 137, 6e série, 2016, p. 87-115. DOI 10.1007/s11873-016-0298-2 NATURAL OR INTERACTIVE KINDS ? LES MALADIES MENTALES TRANSITOIRES DANS LES COURS DE IAN HACKING AU COLLÈGE DE FRANCE (2000-2006) Emmanuel Delille * et Marc Kirsch ** Résumé : Les concepts de Ian Hacking ont apporté une contribution importante aux débats dans le domaine de la philosophie de la psychiatrie, qui est aussi au coeur de son Cours au Collège de France (2000-2006). Titulaire de la « Chaire de philosophie et d’histoire des concepts scientifiques » après Michel Foucault, il est l’auteur d’une réflexion sur la classification des troubles mentaux à partir de la problématique des natural kinds. Pour expliquer les cas d’études développés dans son enseignement parisien, nous revenons d’abord sur une série de concepts, pour ensuite poser la question du statut des métaphores scientifiques, et enfin discuter les rapports entre les notions de « maladie mentale transitoire » et de culture-bound syndrome – cette dernière étant issue de la psychiatrie transculturelle canadienne. Mots-clés : Ian Hacking, histoire de la psychiatrie, Collège de France, culture-bound syndrome, ontologie historique. NATURAL OR INTERACTIVE KINDS? THE TRANSIENT MENTAL DISORDERS IN IAN HACKING’S LECTURES AT THE COLLÈGE DE FRANCE (2000-2006) Abstract : The concepts developed by Ian Hacking during his lectures at the Collège de France (2000-2006) have provided an important contribution to the debates within the field of philosophy of psychiatry. Professor at the Chair of Philosophy and History of Scientific Concepts after Michel Foucault, Hacking is the author of a reflection on the classification of mental disorders, which arises from the problem of the natural kinds. In order to explain the case studies developed in Hacking’s Paris lectures, we first go back to the definition of a series of concepts, then we discuss the status of his scien- tific metaphors. Finally we analyze the relationship between the notions, respectively, of “transient mental illness” and “culture-bound syndrome”. We emphasize that the latter derives from the Canadian transcultural psychiatry. Keywords : Ian Hacking, History of Psychiatry, Collège de France, culture-bound syndrome, ontological history. * Emmanuel Delille, né en 1974, est chercheur associé au Centre Marc Bloch (Berlin) et au CAPHÉS (Paris), spécialiste d’histoire de la santé. Ses dernières publications analysent la réforme de l’enseignement médical de 1968, l’histoire de la psychiatrie culturelle et la problématique de la normativité : « La psychose débutante comme catégorie productrice de normes. Contribution à l’histoire des pratiques de santé, France- Allemagne 1945-1989 », Bulletin Canadien d’Histoire de la Médecine, 2016. (deem@cmb.hu-berlin.de). ** Marc Kirsch, né en 1963, est rattaché à l’équipe AIDDA (UMA 1048, SAD-APT, INRA), assistant du professeur Ian Hacking au Collège de France de 2001 à 2006 (chaire de Philosophie et histoire des concepts scientifiques). Il a publié notamment « Sur la classification et sa signification en psychiatrie », Psychiatrie française, vol. 43, 4/12, mai 2013. (marcnicolask@gmail.com). 88 Revue de synthèse : TOME 137, 6e SÉRIE, N° 1-2, 2016 NATURAL OR INTERACTIVE KINDS? DIE TRENSIENTEN GEISTESSTÖRUNGEN IN IAN HACKINGS VORLESUNGEN AM COLLÈGE DE FRANCE (2000-2006) Zusammenfassung : Die von Ian Hacking in seinen Vorlesungen am Collège de France (2000-2006) entwickelten Begriffe haben der Debatte innerhalb der Philosophie der Psychiatrie einen wichtigen Beitrag angeboten. Hacking war Professor am Collège de France, genauer am Lehrstuhl für Philosophie und Geschichte der wissenschaftlichen Begriffe nach Michel Foucault. Hier beschäftigte er sich – ausgehend vom Problem von den “natural kinds” – mit der Klassifikation von geistigen Störungen. Um die in Hackings Paris-Vorlesungen entwickelten Studienfälle zu erklären, werden wir zunächst auf die Definition einiger Begriffe eingehen. Dann werden wir den Status von Hackings wissenschaftlichen Metaphern diskutieren. Schließlich werden wir das Verhältnis zwischen den Begriffen “transiente geistige Störung” und “ kulturgebundenes Syndrom” analysieren. Wir argumentieren hierbei, dass das Letztgenannte ihren Ursprung in der kanadischen transkulturellen Psychiatrie hat. Schlagworte : Ian Hacking, Geschichte der Psychiatrie, Collège de France, culture- bound syndrome, historische Ontologie. SKETCH Ian Hacking held the chair of « Philosophy and history of scientific concepts » at the College de France (Paris). The aim of this paper is to highlight some key moments of the lectures related to problems posed by psychiatry and to the way these problems came to modify some of Hacking’s claims. The classification of mental troubles, as linked to the problem of “natural” or “interactive” kinds is a decisive point, as it constitutes an inter- esting vantage point to survey the blurred border which separates nature and culture, universalism and constructivism, and also natural sciences and social sciences. To sum up our analysis, three points can be pointed out. First, we recall a series of key concepts in Ian Hacking’s lectures at the Collège de France. From this conceptual framework, we question the status of the scientific metaphors used by Ian Hacking and discuss the relationship between the notions, respectively, of “transient mental illness”, forged by him, and culture-bound syndrome, stemming from transcultural psychiatry. We eventually question the role of epidemiology in the phenomena observed by Ian Hacking. 1) Philosophy of psychiatry is introduced mainly in the 2002 and 2005 lectures, in relation with a thematic project that Hacking names “making up people”. He starts from the idea that there is an interaction between our classifications of people and the people we classify. Thus Ian Hacking first introduced the hypothesis that natural kinds and human kinds should be distinguished. This distinction was supported in his view by the fact that human classifications are “interactive”, while classifications of things do not interact with them and are “indifferent”. This idea was illustrated with cases of 89 E. DELILLE ET M. KIRSCH : NATURAL OR INTERACTIVE KINDS ? interactions between people and classifications in the human and social sciences, as well as examples from ordinary life, in a quite large typology of classifications of people, which allowed him to develop the concept of transient mental illness – when a mental trouble takes an epidemic form, in a given place, before it vanishes. The core of Ian Hacking’s reflection on transient mental illnesses is not the constructivism controversy, but rather the concept of “interactive kinds”. According to him, one cannot understand how much a classification of mental trouble is a moving target without considering the interaction phenomena which affect this specific taxonomy. Our representation of a person has an effect on that person, as she might act in return on this representation or in relation with it, differently from inanimate objects. This is what Ian Hacking calls “looping effect”. At the College de France, he discussed various examples of interac- tions situated in their cultural and historical context, drawing on historical and socio- logical works, as he did in previous publications referring to the sociologist Erving Goffman, and also to the historian and psychiatrist Henri Ellenberger. However, many commentators of Ian Hacking seem either to disregard or to be unaware of the fact that from 2002, in his lectures at the College de France, he questioned the dichotomy between interactive kinds and indifferent kinds. The distinc- tion he draws between natural and social sciences remains unchanged, but he gives up the idea that there exists a homogeneous class of natural kinds. Thus, in 2005 Ian Hacking proposes a renewed framework in order to analyze the dynamics of the inter- actions between individuals and classifications. It features four items: classifications, people, institutions and knowledge. Ian Hacking also declared that he had been too much influenced by psychiatric diagnostic in his historical ontology. This problem appeared while studying other categories, related to other types of classification. The interaction between nature and culture should also be examined. 2) Another important point is that the epidemic of mental troubles links to the more general problem of the scientific metaphors in Ian Hacking’s philosophy. Now, the question is: are all mental health diseases, syndromes, troubles and handicaps epidemic phenomena? The answer is no. We take as counterexample schizophrenia, the most used scientific word defining mental trouble in the 20th century. Statistics show that it covers a stable category. In one of his books, following many specialists, Ian Hacking has pointed that schizophrenia is also a category with moving and constantly redefined borders. Its classification is renegotiated in each culture, like all terms of psychiatric classification. Even so, what we face is what is usually called “endemic”, not epidemic. Epidemics, just like any metaphor in science, is an explanatory model that presents some limitations. Many concepts of Ian Hacking are metaphors drawn from natural sciences, medicine or public health problems – or even linguistics. These borrowings are assumed and their status is explicit in his books: “ecological niche”, “vector”, “ prototype”, “semantic contagion”, etc. But are they necessary? The question might be discussed, for there exist already concepts to think mental troubles closely related to an ecological niche, without requiring the epidemic model: the concept of culture-bound syndrome. This concept is central in the branch of psychiatry which deals with the interactions between mental troubles and culture. uploads/Philosophie/ delille-amp-kirsh-2016-natural-or-interactive-kinds-les-maladies-mentales-transitoires-d-x27-ian-hacking.pdf