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General overview on the development of linguistic innovations in terminology (b

General overview on the development of linguistic innovations in terminology (based on the conceptual distinction between Semasiology and Onomasiology) Khrystyna Yakovliuk Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine *Corresponding author. E-mail: khristy.yakovlyuk@gmail.com Annotation. This article explores new words in terms of the difference between semasiology and onomasiology, that is the terminological distinction between looking at words only and looking at the sense relations that exist between words. The basic aim was to find out the most important sources and ways of shaping and introducing of new words in public life, to identify the role of new words in the language and their functions in modern English, as well as their etymology, history, sound-structure, and some formal properties of English word-formation rules. Keywords: lexical innovations, semasiology, onomasilogy, terminology standards, conceptual category; concept. Introduction. New words show the ability of language to reflect the dynamic development of society and at the same time the extension of traditional boundaries of word formation [15]. New words are added to the lexical inventory of a language because some speakers introduce them and others imitate these speakers; similarly, words change their value within the language because people start using them in different circumstances. Choosing an expression can in fact take the form of selecting an option that is already there, or of creating a new alternative on the basis of one of the mechanisms [8]. The new lexical unit undergoes several stages of socialization (acceptance in society) and lexicalization (fixation in language). Then it is fixed in print. The purpose of the study. The purpose of this study is to classify linguistic innovations that reflect new technological ideas, provide a scientific, linguistic description and analysis of innovations, their methods of creation, differentiation and features of their use. We have investigated these from the onomasiological and semasiological perspectives. To achieve this goal we provide the main criterion for the selection of new words, that is their usage, investigate the peculiarities of the functions and occurrence of new words in various fields of human activity, and analyze the most common areas of new words. Method and materials. There are such types of methodological approaches in the study of linguistic innovations: quantitative methods (e.g. surveys), qualitative methods (e.g. grounded theory) and mixed methods (e.g. combination of numerical measurement and in-depth exploration). Quantitative and qualitative research use different methods of data collection and analysis, and they allow us to answer different kinds of research questions. The qualitative methods are used to understand concepts, thoughts or experiences. This type of research enables to gather in-depth insights on topics that are not well understood. Because of it we used techniques such as focus groups, case studies, discourse analysis (Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/methodology/ ). The results of qualitative research are descriptive or explanatory rather than predictive, and are typically time-consuming to collect and analyse. The following tools were used to confirm these tasks: - Participant observation checklist (new lexical items were collected by observing, and note taking). - Transect walk checklist: detailed descriptions of events, actions, and objects that are denoted by new lexical items and can reveal social processes, meaning, and value. (Retrieved from http://adphealth.org/irtoolkit/research-methods-and-data-management/research-tools-and- techniques.html ) Our research materials include all types of materials generated and utilized in the scope of scholarly research on the development of linguistic innovations in terminology of science and engineering. New lexical items were collected and recorded from datasets (https://wordnet.princeton.edu/ ; http://wordlist.aspell.net/), journals articles (https://www.researchgate.net/ ; https://www.sciencedirect.com/), dictionaries (https://www.merriam-webster.com/ ; https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/ ; https://www.macmillandictionary.com/; https://www.lexico.com/en ; https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english ) or other published materials that could be considered the product of scholarly research. We have analyzed our research by summarizing and categorizing the data (grouping similar ideas and themes together, e.g.). We have provided content analysis (systematically recording the presence of certain words or themes in a set of texts to analyze communication patterns). Also we set open-ended questions. (https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/methodology/). Results. During the process of research the following areas of study were clearly outlined: 1. the problem of treating lexical innovations as neologisms, how long a word should be used in a language to be considered neologism and getting into the dictionary; 2. the need for special vocabulary articles or annotations to mark lexical innovations, since the current system is inconvenient and does not take into account the social differentiation of language; 3. the necessity for stylistic characteristic of lexical innovations (the problem of classification of the slang units, professionalisms, terms and other layers of vocabulary related to neologisms); 4. the problem of the relationship or the lack of it between the lexical innovations and their concepts. We have found out that lexical innovations, then, may and may not be accompanied by a conceptual innovation. For instance, the introduction of the loan word App drawer, that is “a collection of all the applications that are installed on an electronic device such as a smartphone or a small computer” (Retrieved from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/33814/app-drawer ) into German initially involves the spread of the concept “add drawer”; the basic motif behind this simultaneous introduction of a conceptual and a lexical innovation is a common expressive need on the part of the language users. The driving force behind the spread of the concept “app drawer” and the word App drawer is basically just the growing familiarity of language users with this new piece of equipment. Conversely, when the word App-Schublade is introduced as an alternative term for App drawer, the concept “app drawer” is already there. “The language as such is obviously not an anthropomorphic agent: what happens is that individual language users act in a specific way (say, by using a loan word), and that these individual acts lead to changes at the level of the language as a whole – that is, at the level of the speech community” [5]. What exactly are the mechanisms that enable the cumulative effects? Logically speaking, two situations may occur: either the changes work in parallel, or they take place serially. The first situation occurs when members of a speech community are confronted with the same communicative, expressive problem, and independently choose the same solution. The introduction of television as a loan from English into German (and many other languages) may at least to some extent have proceeded in this way. More or less simultaneously, a number of people face the problem of giving a name to the new thing in their native language; independently of each other, they then adopt the original name that comes with the newly introduced object. The second type occurs when the members of a speech community imitate each other. For instance, when one person introduces a loan word, a few others may imitate him, and they in turn may be imitated by others, and so on [18]. The apt example of it is the word mHealth (also written as m-health or mhealth), that is an abbreviation for mobile health, a term used for the practice of medicine and public health supported by mobile devices. The term mHealth was coined by Robert Istepanian as use of "emerging mobile communications and network technologies for healthcare". A definition used at the 2010 mHealth Summit of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) was "the delivery of healthcare services via mobile communication devices" (Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHealth). Words, in fact, do not exist in isolation, but they are related to each other in various ways: they may be synonyms, or they may have opposite meanings, or they may simply be related by the fact that they belong to the same conceptual domain (like kinship terminology, or colour terms, or terms for kitchen utensils). For example the new word biometrics - a technical term for body measurements and calculations. The term “biometrics” is derived from the Greek words “bio” (life) and “metrics” (to measure). In fact, this word has a range of synonyms such as statistics, biostatistics, life science, bioscience biometry and antonyms dysgenics, eugenics. In semantics, the distinction between looking at words only and looking at the sense relations that exist between words is expressed by the terminological distinction between semasiology and onomasiology. Whereas a semasiological perspective investigates which concepts are associated with a given word, onomasiological research takes its starting-point in a concept and investigates which words may be associated with that concept. Given the distinction between semasiology and onomasiology, it is clear that our main focus will lie with semasiology if we are interested in definitions: semasiological information is predominantly expressed through the definition of the individual senses of a word. But what about onomasiological information? Basically, the onomasiological information can be added to the alphabetical dictionary, or it can form the basis of an entirely different type of dictionary, the “onomasiological dictionary”. Adding onomasiological information to an alphabetical dictionary means indicating the sense relations that exist between different words, like summing up synonyms or antonyms in an entry devoted to a specific headword. Another way in which onomasiological information may appear in dictionaries is in the form of thematic labels like med. “medicine” or math. “mathematics”: such labels uploads/Philosophie/ yakovliuk-k-article.pdf