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Tg guide The Engineer ? s Guide to Tank Gauging EDITION What is tank gauging Tank gauging technologies Engineering standards and approvals Volume and mass assessment Accuracies and uncertainties Temperature measurement Lique ?ed gases Additional sensors S

The Engineer ? s Guide to Tank Gauging EDITION What is tank gauging Tank gauging technologies Engineering standards and approvals Volume and mass assessment Accuracies and uncertainties Temperature measurement Lique ?ed gases Additional sensors System architecture Over ?ll prevention Appendix Typical tank gauging con ?gurations References Legal disclaimer This book is designed to provide information on tank gauging only This information is provided with the knowledge that the publisher and author are o ?ering generic advice which may not be applicable in every situation You should therefore ensure you seek advice from an appropriate professional This book does not contain all information available on the subject This book has not been created to be speci ?c to any individual ? s or organizations ? situation or needs Every e ?ort has been made to make this book as accurate as possible However there may be typographical and or content errors This book contains information that might be dated While we work to keep the information up-to-date and correct we make no representations or warranties of any kind expressed or implied about the completeness accuracy reliability suitability or availability with respect to the book or the information products services or related graphics contained in the book or report for any purpose Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk Therefore this book should serve only as a general guide and not as the ultimate source of subject information In no event will we be liable for any loss or damage including without limitation indirect or consequential loss or damage arising out of or in connection with the use of this information You hereby agree to be bound by this disclaimer or you may return this book All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the author Table of contents What is tank gauging Tank gauging technologies Engineering standards and approvals Volume and mass assessment Accuracies and uncertainties Temperature measurement Lique ?ed gases Additional sensors System architecture Over ?ll prevention Appendix Typical tank gauging con ?gurations References Abbreviations AOPS Automatic Over ?ll Prevention System API American Petroleum Institute ATG Automatic Tank Gauge ATT Automatic Tank Thermometer BEV Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen BS W Base Sediment Water DCS Distributed Control System EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility EODR Electro-Optical Distance Ranging FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave FWL Free Water Level FWV Free Water Volume GOV Gross Observed Volume GSV Gross Standard Volume HTG Hydrostatic Tank Gauging IEC International Electrotechnical Commission ISO International Organization for Standardization LNE Laboratoire national de métrologie et d ? essais LNG Lique ?ed Natural Gas LPG Lique ?ed Petroleum Gas LTD Level Temperature Density MOPS Manual Over ?ll Prevention System MPE Maximum Permissible Error MPMS Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards MTBF Mean Time Between Failures NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NMi Nederlands Meetinstituut