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Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement http://journa

Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement http://journals.cambridge.org/CJG Additional services for Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Of the Family Tree: Congruence on Filial Obligation between Older Parents and Adult Children in Japanese Canadian Families Karen M. Kobayashi and Laura Funk Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement / Volume 29 / Special Issue 01 / March 2010, pp 85 - 96 DOI: 10.1017/S0714980809990341, Published online: 04 March 2010 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0714980809990341 How to cite this article: Karen M. Kobayashi and Laura Funk (2010). Of the Family Tree: Congruence on Filial Obligation between Older Parents and Adult Children in Japanese Canadian Families. Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement, 29, pp 85-96 doi:10.1017/S0714980809990341 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/CJG, IP address: 137.53.244.29 on 26 Mar 2015 Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 29 (1) : 85– 96 (2010) doi:10.1017/S0714980809990341 85 Of the Family Tree: Congruence on Filial Obligation between Older Parents and Adult Children in Japanese Canadian Families Karen M. Kobayashi Department of Sociology and Centre on Aging , University of Victoria Laura Funk Centre on Aging , University of Victoria RÉSUMÉ S’inspirant de l’hypothèse d’enjeu intergénérationelle (Bengtson and Kuypers, 1971 ), cet’article étudie la congruence et l’in-congruence entre les générations sur l’obligation ﬁ liale, et les implications pour l’assistance sociale, entre les parents anciens nisei (la seconde génération) et les enfants adultes de sansei (la troisième génération) dans les familles canadiennes japonaises. À l’aide des données des entretiens semi-structurés avec 100 dyads parent-enfant en la Colombie Britannique, la congruence sur des réponses fermées aux déclarations de valeur (la congruence de degré) et la congruence de contenu des réponses ouvertes sont examinés. Les conclusions montrent que la majorité des dyads parent-enfant indique congruence globale (degré et contenu) en ligne directe d’obligation, surtout lorsqu’un parent est féminin, veuf, ou dont l’état de santé est mauvaise ou passable. Nous concluons que, malgré des expériences sensiblement différentes dans le cours de la vie et des processus d’acculturation différents, les deux générations continuent de considérer l’obligation ﬁ liale comme importante. Ces conclusions sont discutées quant aux implications pour les échanges de soutien social, étant donné une évaluation continue de l’obligation ﬁ liale en Asie post-immigrant (né en Amérique du Nord) et familles immigrantes. ABSTRACT Drawing on the intergenerational stake hypothesis (Bengtson and Kuypers, 1971 ), this article explores intergenerational congruence and incongruence on ﬁ lial obligation, and implications for social support, between older nisei (second generation) parents and adult sansei (third generation) children in Japanese Canadian families. Using data from semi-structured interviews with 100 parent–child dyads in British Columbia, congruence on close- ended responses to value statements ( degree congruence ) and the content congruence of open-ended responses are examined. The ﬁ ndings show the majority of parent-child dyads indicate overall (both degree and content ) congruence in ﬁ lial obligation, especially when a parent is female, widowed, and/or has poor/fair health status. We conclude that despite markedly different historical life course experiences and acculturation processes, both generations continue to regard ﬁ lial obligation as important. These ﬁ ndings are discussed with respect to implications for social support exchanges given a continued valuation of ﬁ lial obligation in Asian post-immigrant (North American-born) and immigrant families. Manuscript received: / manuscrit reçu : 25 / 08 / 08 Manuscript accepted: / manuscrit accepté : 30 / 06 / 09 Mots clés : famille , rapports intergénérationnels , l’obligation ﬁ liale , canadien-japonais Keywords : family , intergenerational relationships , ﬁ lial obligation , Japanese Canadian Correspondence and requests for offprints should be sent to / La correspondance et les demandes de tirés-à-part doivent être adressées à: Karen M. Kobayashi, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Sociology and Centre on Aging University of Victoria Victoria, BC V8W 3P5 ( kmkobay@uvic.ca ) 86 Canadian Journal on Aging 29 (1) Karen M. Kobayashi and Laura Funk Introduction Filial obligation has long been regarded as a corner- stone value in traditional issei (pre-war ﬁ rst-generation Japanese Canadian) culture (Ayukawa, 2008 ; Kobayashi, 2000 ). Yet despite the centrality of and emphasis on ﬁ l- ial obligation as a core value in the social support and caregiving literature on Asian families over the life course (e.g., Pyke, 2000 ; Sorensen & Kim, 2004 ; Sung, 2001 ; Zhang, 2004 ), it is surprising that the intergener- ational stake hypothesis, with its focus on ﬁ lial rela- tionships, has not been applied to intergenerational studies of social support in Asian families in North America. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by exploring generational differences in ﬁ lial obligation among older parents and adult children in post-immigrant 1 Japanese Canadian families, a group that is regarded as highly assimilated and acculturated due, in large part, to the rapid “Canadianization” of the community after wartime internment and forced dispersal (Ayukawa, 2008 ; Miki, 2004 ; Oikawa, 2000 ; Sugiman, 2004 ). Literature Review Filial obligation is a cultural schema or norm (inﬂ u- encing ideas about appropriate behaviour) that can manifest at the individual level as a personal attitude towards the importance of parent support/care. As noted previously, norms supportive of ﬁ lial obligation are especially salient in traditional Asian cultures, in which they continue to be reinforced by values of col- lectivism and interdependence, and by the practice of ﬁ lial piety. At the individual level, attitudes towards ﬁ lial obligation are not strict reﬂ ections of cultural norms, but are personalized and inﬂ uenced by factors such as gender (Rossi, 1993 ), self-reported health, the availability of family members (Franks, Pierce, & Dwyer, 2003 ), and the context of changing family rela- tionships over time (Stein, Wemmerus, Ward, Gaines, Freeberg, & Jewell, 1998). Empirical research on the congruence of ﬁ lial responsi- bility attitudes between younger and older generations has emerged largely out of concerns about the poten- tially negative effects of incongruence on the experi- ence and outcomes of caregiving and receiving in ﬁ lial dyads. As a framework often used to explore parent- child relationships in later life, the now-classic inter- generational stake hypothesis (Bengtson & Kuypers, 1971 ) is relevant to understanding differences in ﬁ lial obligation between generations. The hypothesis main- tains that parents and children have different expecta- tions and understandings of the ﬁ lial relationship due to developmental differences in their concerns or “stakes.” Parents’ concerns focus on the continuity of values they have internalized as important over the life course and with the close family relationships they have developed over time. Accordingly, they tend to minimize conﬂ ict and overstate solidarity with their children. Children, on the other hand, have a tendency to understate intergenerational solidarity and over- state differences, in an attempt to establish autonomy and independence from their parents. Although originally developed to examine parent- child relationships in the early stages of the family life course, the intergenerational stake hypothesis has been applied to research on older parent–adult child rela- tionships. In particular, Gesser, Marshall, and Rosenthal ( 1985 ), using a dyadic rather than the more common comparison group design, have found support for the hypothesis in a sample of older parents and adult chil- dren. Speciﬁ cally, their results indicate that older par- ents are concerned more with value continuity, while adult children desire separate value systems and iden- tities that are distinct from their parents. The intergen- erational stake hypothesis emphasizes generational differences in attitudes about family relationships (such as ﬁ lial obligation), and explains these with ref- erence to differences in relational needs (i.e., it tends to be focused on both the individual and dyad as units of analysis). In addition, microlevel family dynamics like the quality of the parent-child relationship (Gesser et al., 1985 ) may also contribute to the emergence of differing value systems as parents and children negotiate and renego- tiate their ﬁ lial relationships over time. Such dynamics, it can be reasonably argued, may be key factors in un- derstanding differences in parent-child value adher- ence to ﬁ lial obligation, especially in ethno-cultural families where both generations are native-born (i.e., families that are one generation or more removed from traditional ethnic cultural understandings). Geographical proximity may also affect congruence on values. Research by Funk ( 2007 ) on the nature of ﬁ lial obligation has indicated that living close to or in the same city as parents acted for some participants as a “trigger” for feelings of responsibility for parents. Likewise, ﬁ ndings from McDonough-Mercier, Shelley, and Wall ( 1997 ) have suggested that “for those children who are close at hand, their parents are nearby and the children feel responsible for them” (pp. 183–184). Despite its appropriateness for exploring the nature of relationships in ethno-culturally diverse families, the in- tergenerational stake hypothesis has not been exten- sively tested with such samples. Further, although some uploads/Geographie/ filial-obligation-older-parents-adult-children-japanese-canadian-families.pdf