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History & Etymology Tin is one of the oldest metals known by man. There are dom

History & Etymology Tin is one of the oldest metals known by man. There are domestic utensils and arms made of brass (copper with about 15% of tin), dating from 3500 BC. The Phoenicians had a very important role in the spread of brass utensils due to its commercial trades with Britain, Spain and the Middle East. The Tin of the Bible ( [kassiteros] in the Greek version) Κ α σ σ ι τ ε ρ ο ς corresponds to the Hebrew בדיל [bdil], which is really a Copper alloy known as early as 1600 BC in Egypt. "And Elea'zar the priest said unto the men of war which went to the battle, This is the ordinance of the law which the LORD commanded Moses; only the gold, and the silver, the brass, the iron, the tin, and the lead, every thing that may abide the fire, ye shall make it go through the fire, and it shall be clean: nevertheless it shall be purified with the water of separation: and all that abideth not the fire ye shall make go through the water." (Numbers 31:2123). The Greeks imported Tin from the Casseterides ("Tin islands"), islands in the West. The precise location of the Cassiterides or "tin islands" is unknown, but it is suggested they are the British Isles. The most important ore of Tin is Tin oxide, Cassiterite (SnO2). A specimen from Cornwall is illustrated here. The importance of tin to the Greeks was its immense value in alloying copper, which was mined from ancient times in Cyprus. Copper by itself is very difficult to cast, but with the addition of about ten percent of tin, it flows nicely in the molten state, and has greater hardness than copper . The "Bronze Age" was dependent on tin from its very inception. From Pliny’s writings it appears that the Romans in his time did not realize the distinction between Tin and Lead. He referred to Tin as plumbum album (white lead) to distinguish it from Lead which was calledplumbum nigrum (black lead). Pliny referred to the existence of Tin and Lead alloys, what we now know as solder, as well as recipients of tinned copper. He wrote that the best mirrors were made at Brundisium from a mixture of Copper and "stagnum". By the Romans, the term stannum was mostly used for an alloy of Lead and Silver obtained in the winning of Silver. Not until the sixth century was it applied to Tin, but thereafter was commonly used in this sense. By the early Greek alchemists the metal was named Hermes, but at about the beginning of the 6th century, it was termed Zeus or Jupiter. It was also referred to as diabolus metallorum (devil among metals), on account of the brittle alloys which it formed. In astrology alchemy the seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with seven metals also known in antiquity: Chemistianity 1873 T i n s t o n e ( T i n D i o x i d e ) f o u n d i n Mi n e s a n d S t r e a ms I n C o r n w a l l , p r o d u c e s B a r - a n d G r a i n - T i n . I t i s o u r o n l y n a t i v e s o u r c e f o r T i n . Although not as much as for the other six antique metals, the name for the metal tin has a variety of roots in the various languages. The most important are: 1. Stannum < Tin The Latin name Stannum is connected to "stagnum" and "stag" (IndoEuropean) for dripping because tin melts easily. The word definitely assumed its present meaning in the 4th century (H. Kopp). According to Meyers Konversationslexikon Stannum is derived from Cornish stean (present orthographysten), and is proof that Cornwall in the first centuries AD was the main source of Tin. (other sources, however, see the Cornish stean as a derivation from the Latin stannum! [Eedle]). The Latin Stannum became the source for most European words. In Spanish (estaño) evolved from stannum by first becomingstanno (the "m" never was strongly pronounced in Latin, and mostly nasalized the "u"). Then the Goths had problems with "st" so it became estanno. Finally, the double "n" merged into "ñ" when the spelling was regularized, and we have the final form. Italian stagno suffered a similar transformation (gn = с). The French étain is closer to the English (and Dutch) Tin. Indeed, the second syllable would be prounounced just as "Tin" would be. According to SMI the metal is named after an Etruscan god, Tinia. 2. Kassiteros (Greek) The Greek name is already in use since Homer. it means "the Κ α σ σ ι τ ε ρ ο ς metal from the land of the Kassi (or the Casseterides)". The etymology is not clear (see Loma's abstract below). The Croatian name is obviously derived from the Greek. The Arabic قصدير [qaSdīr] is an old borrowing from this Greek word. Also some BalkanSlavic languages has borrowed their word from Greek. At the XI. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft (Halle/S. 1723 September 2000) Aleksandar Loma from Belgrado presented a paper, Gr. kassiteros, att. kattiteros: Ein frühes iranisches Lehnwort?. The summary is: Gr. kassiteros, att. kattiteros "Zinn", ein Wanderwort bislang ohne Etymologie, wird als frühe Entlehnung aus dem Iranischen erklärt und zusammen mit den apers. LW im Altindischen sisa n. "Blei", kas i sa n. "Eisenvitriol" auf den gemeiniranischen Ansatz *katsvi?ra zurückgeführt, unter Hinweis auf die von Strabo XV, p. 724 erwähnten Zinngruben in Drangiana. Diese Annahme gibt Anlaß zur Diskussion über die absolute und relative Chronologie einiger früher Lautwandlungen in den beiden Sprachen. (Source, click here). More on the etymology of Kassiteros at Eedle's homepage. 3. Kalay (Turkish) Used in most of the Balkan languages, as well as in the Altaic languages. 4. Alavas (Baltic) The Baltic Alavas is used in Eastern Slavic languages (Russian Олово). In Western Slavic languages this is the name for Lead. A peculiar website from LavianAmerican Andis Kaulins, IndoEuropean Afro Asiatic Words for Metals Copper Lead Tin Iron Bronze Gold Amber. I am not sure what to think of the value of his unorthodox information, but give it for what it is worth. Kaulins presents the following list for Tin: Tin(Sn), a chemical element belonging to the carbon family, Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table. It is a soft, silvery white metal with a bluish tinge, known to the ancients in bronze, an alloy with copper. Tin is widely used for plating steel cans used as food containers, in metals used for bearings, and in solder. The origins of tin are lost in antiquity. Bronzes, which are copper–tin alloys, were used by humans in prehistory long before pure tin metal itself was isolated. Bronzes were common in early Mesopotamia, the Indus valley, Egypt, Crete, Israel, and Peru. Much of ... (100 of 1,210 words) S O L I D - L I Q U I D P H A S E D I A G R A M S : T I N A N D L E A D T h i s p a g e e x p l a i n s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e c o o l i n g c u r v e s f o r l i q u i d m i x t u r e s o f t i n a n d l e a d , a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g p h a s e d i a g r a m . I t a l s o o ff e r s a s i m p l e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e i d e a o f a e u t e c t i c m i x t u r e . I mp o r t a n t : T h i s p a g e i s o n l y r e a l l y d e s i g n e d t o b e a n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e t o p i c s u i t a b l e f o r c o u r s e s f o r 1 6 - 1 8 y e a r o l d s s u c h uploads/Litterature/ history-and-phase-diagram-stannum.pdf