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Early Germanic Languages in Contact Volume 27 Early Germanic Languages in Conta

Early Germanic Languages in Contact Volume 27 Early Germanic Languages in Contact Edited by John Ole Askedal and Hans Frede Nielsen NOWELE Supplement Series (NSS) issn 0900-8675 NOWELE Supplement Series is a book series associated with the journal NOWELE: North-Western European Language Evolution. The supplement series is devoted not only to the study of the history and prehistory of a locally determined group of languages, but also to the study of purely theoretical questions concerning historical language development. The series contains publications dealing with all aspects of the (pre-) histories of – and with intra- and extra-linguistic factors contributing to change and variation within – Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Frisian, Dutch, German, English, Gothic and the Early Runic language. The series will publish monographs and edited volumes. For an overview of all books published in this series, please see http://benjamins.com/catalog/nss Editors Erik W. Hansen University of Southern Denmark Advisory Editors John Ole Askedal University of Oslo Michael Barnes University College London Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. Leiden University Volkert F. Faltings Universität Flensburg Hans Fix Universität Greifswald Kurt Gustav Goblirsch University of South Carolina Alexandra Holsting University of Southern Denmark Henrik Galberg Jacobsen University of Southern Denmark Sara M. Pons-Sanz University of Westminster, London Jürg R. Schwyter University of Lausanne Hans Frede Nielsen University of Southern Denmark Early Germanic Languages in Contact Edited by John Ole Askedal University of Oslo Hans Frede Nielsen University of Southern Denmark In collaboration with Erik W. Hansen Alexandra Holsting Flemming Talbo Stubkjær John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia 8 TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. doi 10.1075/nss.27 Cataloging-in-Publication Data available from Library of Congress: lccn 2015012410 (print) / 2015015967 (e-book) isbn 978 90 272 4073 6 (Hb) isbn 978 90 272 6823 5 (e-book) © 2015 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa table of contents table of contents Editorial Introduction vii Entlehnung und Urverwandtschaft im vorliterarischen germanischen Wortschatz Elmar Seebold 1 The Stratigraphy of the Germanic Loanwords in Finnic Petri Kallio 23 Baltisch, Slavisch, Germanisch – Kontakte und Beziehungen aus der Sicht der Onomastik Jürgen Udolph 39 Gothic Contact with Greek: Loan Translations and a Translation Problem Magnús Snædal 75 Gothic Contact with Latin: Gotica Parisina and Wulfila’s Alphabet Magnús Snædal 91 Die langobardischen Sprachreste in Italien und ihr Beitrag zur Kenntnis des langobardischen Konsonantismus Carla Falluomini 109 What is Visigothic and What is Frankish in Medieval and Later Spanish? Ingmar Söhrman 125 Zwei “neue” Inschriften aus Frankreich im Kontext der Ausbreitung norditalischer Alphabete Markus Egetmeyer 137 v table of contents Onomastik und Deonomastik im keltisch-germanischen Sprachkontakt Ludwig Rübekeil 163 Norse-English Runic Contacts Michael P. Barnes 187 Identifying and Dating Norse-Derived Terms in Medieval English: Approaches and Problems Sara M. Pons-Sanz 203 Language Contact and Consonant Shift in Germanic: The Witness of Aspiration Kurt Goblirsch 223 Some Unsolved (and Probably Insoluble) Aspects of Initial Fricative Voicing in Early English: Voicing in Early English Viewed as Part of the Great Germanic Lenition Anatoly Liberman 245 The Vowel Systems of Old English, Old Norse and Old High German Compared Hans Frede Nielsen 261 Review article: Riho Grünthal & Petri Kallio (eds.), A Linguistic Map of Prehistoric Northern Europe. Reviewed by Simon Mulder 277 Index 301 vi editorial introduction EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION Over the past twelve years a number of international symposia on early Germanic language evolution have been held at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense, focusing on themes such as “Language History and Language Contact on the North-Sea Littoral” (2004), “Early and Pre-Historic Language Develop- ment in North-Western Europe” (2006), “The Gothic Language: Origins, Struc- ture, Development” (2008) and “Unity and Diversity in West Germanic and the Emergence of English, German, Frisian and Dutch” (2011). The proceedings of the first three conferences mentioned were published as regular (double) volu- mes of the journal NOWELE by the University Press of Southern Denmark, and the proceedings of the conference held in 2011 appeared in 2013 and 2014 as NOWELE vols. 66:1-2 and 67:1 under the aegis of John Benjamins, the publisher of our journal since 2013. The present NOWELE Supplement volume contains revised and, in some cases, extended versions of twelve of the fourteen lectures read at the conference on “Early Germanic Languages in Contact” held two years ago in Odense (22- 23 August 2013) – with a paper and a review article added at the end on themes pertaining to the aim and scope of the symposium. All papers cover central as- pects of the early contact between Germanic and some of its Indo-European and non-Indo-European linguistic neighbours; and, in certain cases, aspects involving internal Germanic language contact. The papers have been arranged according to the order in which they were pre- sented at the conference, the only exception being Elmar Seebold’s contribution which with its comprehensive focus on the earliest Germanic vocabulary appears as the first article. Seebold is here concerned with borrowed and inherited lexical items in early Germanic denoting especially metals and cereal crops, which in his view may provide significant clues to the break-up and early interrelations of the Indo-European languages, Germanic being at first more closely affiliated with Italic than with Baltic, Slavic or Celtic. Jürgen Udolph is less concerned with the disruption of Indo-European than with the locations of the ancestral homes of Baltic, Slavic, Germanic and Celtic. On the basis of onomastic evidence, in particular ancient river-names, Udolph places the Germanic homeland in central Germany (Thüringen and parts of Sachsen-Anhalt and Niedersachsen), whereas the homelands of Baltic and Slavic are thought to lie to the north-east and east of Germanic and that of Celtic to the south-west. In the intervening paper, Petri Kallio offers a wide-ranging analysis of the stratigraphy of the numerous early vii editorial introduction Germanic loanwords in the (non-Indo-European) Finnic languages, drawing attention to the widespread tendency among Germanic scholars to ignore the evidence provided by Finnic; a state of affairs deplored by Kallio considering that ”Germanic loanwords in Finnic are our best independently reconstructed testimony of pre-literary Germanic word structures” (p. 34). For reasons of content, Magnús Snædal’s lecture on Gothic contact with Greek and Latin is printed here as two separate (revised) papers. It is shown that Bib- lical Gothic was heavily influenced by Greek, a fact clearly evidenced by, e.g., the formation of compound words, many of which were loan translations from Greek. In his second paper, the author discusses two points of contact between Gothic and Latin: the so-called Gotica Parisina found in a 9th-century Latin manuscript and Wulfila’s alphabet. As for the latter, Snædal concedes that some of Wulfila’s letters are suggestive of Latin alphabetical influence, but that the supposed Latin features of the letters in question need not be original. Similarly, Snædal is sceptical about the purported runic influence on other Wulfilian letters. Carla Falluomini discusses what can be established with certainty concerning the consonantism of Langobardic in view of the diverse types of evidence available: substratum words in Italo-Romance dialects; topynyms; and Langobardic personal names and relic words in Latin texts. Finally, with Ingmar Söhrman’s contribu- tion, we move from the Apennine to the Iberian Peninsula and to a discussion of the degree and character of Germanic influence on Spanish, a main problem here being how Visigothic and Frankish loanwords can be distinguished. Markus Egetmeyer brings into focus two short, recently published, pre-Roman inscriptions found in French museums, which – despite problematic readings and interpretations – both evidence alphabetic script linked to the north-Italic epichoric writing systems. According to Egetmeyer, the two inscriptions (and other inscriptions as well) point to the sporadic use of alphabetic writing along the trade routes leading through the Alps and Celtic-speaking territory to the north, where writing of this kind may well have contributed to the later creation of the Germanic runic alphabet. Ludwig Rübekeil’s study of Celtic-Germanic language contact has, at its centre of interest, the relationship of a select number of onomastic items to common nouns. An analysis of the formation and derivation of personal names along with toponyms and tribal names suggests that in several respects the onomastic lexicon furthered the borrowing of common nouns. In his contribution Michael Barnes discusses to what extent, between 700 and 1000, Scandinavian and English runic writing may have influenced each other. How- ever sparse and uncertain the evidence of such contact is, Barnes concludes that there are stronger indications that English practice influenced Scandinavian runic viii editorial introduction usage than the other way around. Anglo-Scandinavian contact is also the subject of Sara Pons-Sanz’s paper, which analyses some of the problems involved in the identification and dating of uploads/Litterature/ nowele-supplement-series-john-ole-askedal-hans-frede-nielsen-erik-w-hansen-alexandra-holsting-flemming-talbo-stubkjaer-early-germanic-languages-in-contact-john-benjamins-publishing-company-20.pdf