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Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l'Univ

Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l'Université de Montréal, l'Université Laval et l'Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des services d'édition numérique de documents scientifiques depuis 1998. Pour communiquer avec les responsables d'Érudit : erudit@umontreal.ca Article Lucía Molina et Amparo Hurtado Albir Meta : journal des traducteurs / Meta: Translators' Journal, vol. 47, n° 4, 2002, p. 498-512. Pour citer cet article, utiliser l'information suivante : URI: http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/008033ar DOI: 10.7202/008033ar Note : les règles d'écriture des références bibliographiques peuvent varier selon les différents domaines du savoir. Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter à l'URI http://www.erudit.org/apropos/utilisation.html Document téléchargé le 25 July 2013 07:09 "Translation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalist Approach" 498 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 Translation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalist Approach lucía molina and amparo hurtado albir Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain RÉSUMÉ Cet article a pour objectif de cerner la notion de technique de traduction entendue comme un des instruments d’analyse textuelle qui permet d’étudier le fonctionnement de l’équivalence par rapport à l’original. Nous rappelons tout d’abord les différentes définitions et classifications qui ont été proposées ainsi que les confusions termi- nologiques, conceptuelles et de classification qui en ont découlé. Nous donnons ensuite notre définition de la technique de traduction en la différenciant de la méthode et de la stratégie de traduction et proposons une approche dynamique et fonctionnelle de celle- ci. Pour terminer, nous définissons chacune des diverses techniques de traduction existantes et en présentons une nouvelle classification. Cette proposition a été appliquée dans le cadre d’une recherche sur la traduction des éléments culturels dans les traduc- tions en arabe de Cent ans de solitude de García Márquez. ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to clarify the notion of translation technique, understood as an instrument of textual analysis that, in combination with other instruments, allows us to study how translation equivalence works in relation to the original text. First, existing definitions and classifications of translation techniques are reviewed and terminological, conceptual and classification confusions are pointed out. Secondly, translation tech- niques are redefined, distinguishing them from translation method and translation strat- egies. The definition is dynamic and functional. Finally, we present a classification of translation techniques that has been tested in a study of the translation of cultural ele- ments in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude by Garcia Marquez. MOTS-CLÉS/KEYWORDS translation technique, translation method, translation strategy, translation equivalence, functionalism 1. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AS TOOL FOR ANALYSIS: THE EXISTING CONFUSIONS The categories used to analyze translations allow us to study the way translation works. These categories are related to text, context and process. Textual categories describe mechanisms of coherence, cohesion and thematic progression. Contextual categories introduce all the extra-textual elements related to the context of source text and translation production. Process categories are designed to answer two basic questions. Which option has the translator chosen to carry out the translation project, i.e., which method has been chosen? How has the translator solved the prob- lems that have emerged during the translation process, i.e., which strategies have been chosen? However, research (or teaching) requirements may make it important to consider textual micro-units as well, that is to say, how the result of the translation Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 functions in relation to the corresponding unit in the source text. To do this we need translation techniques. We were made aware of this need in a study of the treatment of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude1. Textual and contextual categories were not sufficient to identify, classify and name the options chosen by the translators for each unit studied. We needed the category of translation techniques that allowed us to describe the actual steps taken by the trans- lators in each textual micro-unit and obtain clear data about the general method- ological option chosen. However, there is some disagreement amongst translation scholars about trans- lation techniques. This disagreement is not only terminological but also conceptual. There is even a lack of consensus as to what name to give to call the categories, different labels are used (procedures, techniques, strategies) and sometimes they are confused with other concepts. Furthermore, different classifications have been pro- posed and the terms often overlap. This article presents the definition and classifica- tion of translation techniques that we used in our study of the treatment of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude. We also present a critical review of earlier definitions and classifications of translation techniques. 2. THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO CLASSIFYING TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES 2.1. Translation Technical Procedures in the Compared Stylistics. Vinay and Darbelnet’s pioneer work Stylistique comparée du français et de l’anglais (SCFA) (1958) was the first classification of translation techniques that had a clear methodological purpose. The term they used was ‘procédés techniques de la traduc- tion.’ They defined seven basic procedures operating on three levels of style: lexis, distribution (morphology and syntax) and message. The procedures were classified as direct (or literal) or oblique, to coincide with their distinction between direct (or literal) and oblique translation. Literal translation occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, even mor- phological equivalence between two languages. According to the authors, this is only possible when the two languages are very close to each other. The literal translation procedures are: • Borrowing. A word taken directly from another language, e.g., the English word bull- dozer has been incorporated directly into other languages. • Calque. A foreign word or phrase translated and incorporated into another language, e.g., fin de semaine from the English weekend. • Literal translation. Word for word translation, e.g., The ink is on the table and L’encre est sur la table. Oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is impossible. The oblique translation procedures are: • Transposition. A shift of word class, i.e., verb for noun, noun for preposition e.g., Expéditeur and From. When there is a shift between two signifiers, it is called crossed transposition, e.g., He limped across the street and Il a traversé la rue en boitant. • Modulation. A shift in point of view. Whereas transposition is a shift between gram- matical categories, modulation is a shift in cognitive categories. Vinay and Darbelnet translation techniques revisited 499 500 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 postulate eleven types of modulation: abstract for concrete, cause for effect, means for result, a part for the whole, geographical change, etc., e.g., the geographical modulation between encre de Chine and Indian ink. Intravaia and Scavée (1979) studied this proce- dure in depth and reached the conclusion that it is qualitatively different from the others and that the others can be included within it. • Equivalence. This accounts for the same situation using a completely different phrase, e.g., the translation of proverbs or idiomatic expressions like, Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles and Like a bull in a china shop. • Adaptation. A shift in cultural environment, i.e., to express the message using a differ- ent situation, e.g. cycling for the French, cricket for the English and baseball for the Americans. These seven basic procedures are complemented by other procedures. Except for the procedures of compensation and inversion, they are all classified as opposing pairs. • Compensation. An item of information, or a stylistic effect from the ST that cannot be reproduced in the same place in the TT is introduced elsewhere in the TT, e.g., the French translation of I was seeking thee, Flathead. from the Jungle Book Kipling used the archaic thee, instead of you, to express respect, but none of the equivalent French pro- noun forms (tu, te, toi) have an archaic equivalent, so the translator expressed the same feeling by using the vocative, O, in another part of the sentence: En verité, c’est bien toi que je cherche, O Tête-Plate. • Concentration vs. Dissolution. Concentration expresses a signified from the SL with fewer signifiers in the TL. Dissolution expresses a signified from the SL with more signifiers in the TL, e.g., archery is a dissolution of the French tir a l’arc. • Amplification vs. Economy. These procedures are similar to concentration and dissolu- tion. Amplification occurs when the TL uses more signifiers to cover syntactic or lexical gaps. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, dissolution is a question of langue and adap- tation of parole, e.g., He talked himself out of a job and Il a perdu sa chance pour avoir trop parlé. The opposite procedure is economy, e.g., We’ll price ourselves out of the mar- ket and Nous ne pourrons plus vendre si nous sommes trop exigeants. • Reinforcement vs. Condensation. These are variations of amplification and economy that are characteristic of French and English, e.g., English prepositions or conjunctions that need to be reinforced in French by a noun or a verb: To the uploads/Litterature/ translation-techniques 2 .pdf